How does rising atmospheric CO2 affect marine organisms?

Click to locate material archived on our website by topic


Carbon Dioxide and Earth's Future: Pursuing the Prudent Path

References


Aagaard, T., Orford, J. and Murray, A.S. 2007. Environmental controls on coastal dune formation: Skallingen Spit, Denmark. Geomorphology 83: 29-47.

Ackert Jr., R.P. 2003. An ice sheet remembers. Science 299: 57-58.

Adams, N.R., Owensby, C.E. and Ham, J.M. 2000. The effect of CO2 enrichment on leaf photosynthetic rates and instantaneous water use efficiency of Andropogon gerardii in the tallgrass prairie. Photosynthesis Research 65: 121-129.

Adjeroud, M., Augustin, D., Galzin, R. and Salvat, B. 2002. Natural disturbances and interannual variability of coral reef communities on the outer slope of Tiahura (Moorea, French Polynesia): 1991 to 1997. Marine Ecology Progress Series 237: 121-131.

Adjeroud, M., Chancerelle, Y., Schrimm, M., Perez, T., Lecchini, D., Galzin, R. and Salvat, B. 2005. Detecting the effects of natural disturbances on coral assemblages in French Polynesia: A decade survey at multiple scales. Aquatic Living Resources 18: 111-123.

Alcaraz-Segura, D., Cabello, J., Paruelo, J.M. and Delibes, M. 2008. Trends in the surface vegetation dynamics of the national parks of Spain as observed by satellite sensors. Applied Vegetation Science 11: 431-440.

Allan, R.P. and Soden, B.J. 2008. Atmospheric warming and the amplification of precipitation extremes. Science 321: 1481-1484.

Alley, R.B., Clark, P.U., Huybrechts, P. and Joughin, I. 2005. Ice-sheet and sea-level changes. Science 310: 456-460.

Analitis, A., Katsouyanni, K., Biggeri, A., Baccini, M., Forsberg, B., Bisanti, L., Kirchmayer, U., Ballester, F., Cadum, E., Goodman, P.G., Hojs, A., Sunyer, J., Tiittanen, P. and Michelozzi, P. 2008. Effects of cold weather on mortality: Results from 15 European cities within the PHEWE project. American Journal of Epidemiology 168: 1397-1408.

Anderson, P.D. and Tomlinson, P.T. 1998. Ontogeny affects response of northern red oak seedlings to elevated CO2 and water stress. I. Carbon assimilation and biomass production. New Phytologist 140: 477-491.

Andreadis, K.M. and Lettenmaier, D.P. 2006. Trends in 20th century drought over the continental United States. Geophysical Research Letters 33: 10.1029/2006GL025711.

Andreadis, K.M., Clark, E.A., Wood, A.W., Hamlet, A.F. and Lettenmaier, D.P. 2005. Twentieth-century drought in the conterminous United States. Journal of Hydrometeorology 6: 985-1001.

Angelini, R., Finarelli, A.C., Angelini, P., Po, C., Petropulacos, K., Macini, P., Fiorentini, C., Fortuna, C., Venturi, G., Romi, R., Majori, G., Nicoletti, L., Rezza, G. and Cassone, A. 2007. An outbreak of chikungunya fever in the province of Ravenna, Italy. Eurosurveillance 12: eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?Articleid=3260.

Anyamba, A. and Tucker, C.J. 2005. Analysis of Sahelian vegetation dynamics using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data from 1981-2003. Journal of Arid Environments 63: 596-614.

Apprill, A.M. and Gates, R.D. 2007. Recognizing diversity in coral symbiotic dinoflagellate communities. Journal of Experimental Botany 16: 1127-1134.

Arneth, A., Lloyd, J., Santruckova, H., Bird, M., Grigoryev, S., Kalaschnikov, Y.N., Gleixner, G. and Schulze, E.-D. 2002. Response of central Siberian Scots pine to soil water deficit and long-term trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16: 10.1029/2000GB001374.

Asmerom, Y., Polyak, V., Burns, S. and Rassmussen, J. 2007. Solar forcing of Holocene climate: New insights from a speleothem record, southwestern United States. Geology 35: 1-4.

Ayre, D.J. and Hughes, T.P. 2004. Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef-building corals. Ecology Letters 7: 273-278.

Baird, A.H., Cumbo, V.R., Leggat, W. and Rodriguez-Lanetty, M. 2007. Fidelity and flexibility in coral symbioses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 347: 307-309.

Baker, A.C. 2001. Reef corals bleach to survive change. Nature 411: 765-766.

Baker, A.C., Starger, C.J., McClanahan, T.R. and Glynn, P.W. 2002. Symbiont communities in reef corals following the 1997-98 El Niño -- will recovering reefs be more resistant to a subsequent bleaching event? Proceedings of the International Society of Reef Studies (Abstract Volume 10: European Meeting, Cambridge, UK, September).

Baker, A.C., Starger, C.J., McClanahan, T.R. and Glynn, P.W. 2004. Corals' adaptive response to climate change. Nature 430: 741.

Balling Jr., R.C. and Cerveny, R.S. 2003. Compilation and discussion of trends in severe storms in the United States: Popular perception vs. climate reality. Natural Hazards 29: 103-112.

Banfai, D.S. and Bowman, D.M.J.S. 2006. Forty years of lowland monsoon rainforest expansion in Kakadu national Park, Northern Australia. Biological Conservation 131: 553-565.

Barredo, J.I. 2009. Normalized flood losses in Europe: 1970-2006. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9: 97-104.

Barredo, J.I. 2010. No upward trend in normalized windstorm losses in Europe: 1970-2008. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10: 97-104.

Barring L. and von Storch, H. 2004. Scandinavian storminess since about 1800. Geophysical Research Letters 31: 10.1029/2004GL020441.

Barring, L. and Fortuniak, K. 2009. Multi-indices analysis of southern Scandinavian storminess 1780-2005 and links to interdecadal variations in the NW Europe-North Sea region. International Journal of Climatology 29: 373-384.

Bartak, M., Raschi, A. and Tognetti, R. 1999. Photosynthetic characteristics of sun and shade leaves in the canopy of Arbutus unedo L. trees exposed to in situ long-term elevated CO2. Photosynthetica 37: 1-16.

Battaglia, M., Beadle, C. and Loughhead, S. 1996. Photosynthetic temperature response of Eucalyptus globules and Eucalyptus nitens. Tree Physiology 16: 81-89.

Bayentin, L., El Adlouni, S., Ouarda, T.B.M.J., Gosselin, P., Doyon, B. and Chebana, F. 2010. Spatial variability of climate effects on ischemic heart disease hospitalization rates for the period 1989-2006 in Quebec, Canada. International Journal of Health Geographics 9: 10.1186/1476-072X-9-5.

Beale, C.M., Lennon, J.J. and Gimona, A. 2008. Opening the climate envelope reveals no macroscale associations with climate in European birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105: 14,908-14,912.

Beerling, D.J. and Mayle, F.E. 2006. Contrasting effects of climate and CO2 on Amazonian ecosystems since the last glacial maximum. Global Change Biology 12: 1977-1984.

Beerling, D.J., McElwain, J.C. and Osborne, C.P. 1998. Stomatal responses of the 'living fossil' Ginkgo biloba L. to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Journal of Experimental Botany 49: 1603-1607.

Begon, M., Townsend, C. and Harper, J. 2005. Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

Bell, R.C., Parra, J.L., Tonione, M., Hoskin, C.J., Mackenzie, J.B., Williams, S.E. and Moritz, C. 2010. Patterns of persistence and isolation indicate resilience to climate change in montane rainforest lizards. Journal of Experimental Botany 19: 2531-2544.

Bengtsson, L., Hodges, K.I., Esch, M., Keelyside, N., Kornbluehm, L., Luo, J.-J. and Yamagata, T. 2007. How may tropical cyclones change in a warmer climate? Tellus Series A 59: 531-561.

Benito, G., Rico, M., Sanchez-Moya, Y., Sopena, A., Thorndycraft, V.R. and Barriendos, M. 2010. The impact of late Holocene climatic variability and land use change on the flood hydrology of the Guadalentin River, southeast Spain. Global and Planetary Change 70: 53-63.

Benson, L., Kashgarian, M., Rye, R., Lund, S., Paillet, F., Smoot, J., Kester, C., Mensing, S., Meko, D. and Lindstrom, S. 2002. Holocene multidecadal and multicentennial droughts affecting Northern California and Nevada. Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 659-682.

Benson, L.V., Berry, M.S., Jolie, E.A., Spangler, J.D., Stahle, D.W. and Hattori, E.M. 2007. Possible impacts of early-llth-, middle-12th-, and late-13th-century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 336-350.

Bering Ovesen, N., Legard Iversen, H., Larsen, S., Muller-Wohlfeil, D.I. and Svendsen, L. 2000. Afstromningsforhold i danske vandlob. Faglig rapport fra DMU, no. 340. Miljo- og Energiministeriet. Danmarks Miljoundersogelser, Silkeborg, Denmark.

Berkelmans, R. and van Oppen, M.J.H. 2006. The role of zooxanthellae in the thermal tolerance of corals: a "nugget of hope" for coral reefs in an era of climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273: 2305-2312.

Berry, J. and Bjorkman, O. 1980. Photosynthetic response and adaptation to temperature in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 31: 491-543.

Bert, D., Leavitt, S.W. and Dupouey, J.-L. 1997. Variations of wood δ13C and water-use efficiency of Abies alba during the last century. Ecology 78: 1588-1596.

Bi, P., Parton, K.A., Wang, J. and Donald, K. 2008. Temperature and direct effects on population health in Brisbane, 1986-1995. Journal of Environmental Health 70 (8): 48-53.

Bielec, Z. 2001. Long-term variability of thunderstorms and thunderstorm precipitation occurrence in Cracow, Poland, in the period 1896-1995. Atmospheric Research 56: 161-170.

Bielec-Bakowska, Z. 2003. Long-term variability of thunderstorm occurrence in Poland in the 20th century. Atmospheric Research 67: 35-52.

Bijl, W., Flather, R., de Ronde, J.G. and Schmith, T. 1999. Changing storminess? An analysis of long-term sea level data sets. Climate Research 11: 161-172.

Bjerknes, J. 1965. Atmospheric-ocean interaction during the 'Little Ice Age.' In: WMO-IUGG Symposium on Research and Development Aspects of Long-Range Forecasting, WMO-No. 162, TP 79, Technical Note 66, pp. 77-88.

Bjorck, S. and Clemmensen, L.B. 2004. Aeolian sediment in raised bog deposits, Halland, SW Sweden: a new proxy record of Holocene winter storminess variation in southern Scandinavia? The Holocene 14: 677-688.

Black, D.E., Peterson, L.C., Overpeck, J.T., Kaplan, A., Evans, M.N. and Kashgarian, M. 1999. Eight centuries of North Atlantic Ocean atmosphere variability. Science 286: 1709-1713.

Black, N.A., Voellmy, R. and Szmant, A.M. 1995. Heat shock protein induction in Montastrea faveoluta and Aiptasia pallida exposed to elevated temperature. Biological Bulletin 188: 234-240.

Blaschke, L., Schulte, M., Raschi, A., Slee, N., Rennenberg, H. and Polle, A. 2001. Photosynthesis, soluble and structural carbon compounds in two Mediterranean oak species (Quercus pubescens and Q. ilex) after lifetime growth at naturally elevated CO2 concentrations. Plant Biology 3: 288-297.

Bond, G. and Lotti, R. 1995. Iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic on millennial time scales during the last glaciation. Science 267: 1005-1010.

Bond, G., Kromer, B., Beer, J., Muscheler, R., Evans, M.N., Showers, W., Hoffmann, S., Lotti-Bond, R., Hajdas, I. and Bonani, G. 2001. Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science 294: 2130-2136.

Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P., deMenocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I. and Bonani, G. 1997. A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial climate. Science 278: 1257-1266.

Bonsal, B.R., Zhang, X., Vincent, L.A. and Hogg, W.D. 2001. Characteristics of daily and extreme temperatures over Canada. Journal of Climate 14: 1959-1976.

Botkin, D.B., Saxe, H., Araujo, M.B., Betts, R., Bradshaw, R.H.W., Cedhagen, T., Chesson, P., Dawson, T.P., Etterson, J.R., Faith, D.P., Ferrier, S., Guisan, A., Hansen, A.S., Hilbert, D.W., Loehle, C., Margules, C., New, M., Sobel, M.J. and Stockwell, D.R.B. 2007. Forecasting the effects of global warming on biodiversity. BioScience 57: 227-236.

Boyce, D.G., Tittensor, D.P. and Worm, B. 2008. Effects of temperature on global patterns of tuna and billfish richness. Marine Ecology Progress Series 355: 267-276.

Bradford, R.B. and Marsh, T.M. 2003. Defining a network of benchmark catchments for the UK. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Water and Maritime Engineering 156: 109-116.

Bremer, D.J., Ham, J.M. and Owensby C.E. 1996. Effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and open-top chambers on transpiration in a tallgrass prairie. Journal of Environmental Quality 25: 691-701.

Briffa, K.R. and Osborn, T.J. 2002. Blowing hot and cold. Science 295: 2227-2228.

Brogaard, S., Runnstrom, M. and Seaquist, J.W. 2005. Primary production of Inner Mongolia, China, between 1982 and 1999 estimated by a satellite data-driven light use efficiency model. Global and Planetary Change 45: 313-332.

Brohan, P., Kennedy, J., Haris, I., Tett, S.F.B. and Jones, P.D. 2006. Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: a new dataset from 1850. Journal of Geophysical Research 111: 10.1029/2005JD006548.

Brommer, J.E. 2008. Extent of recent polewards range margin shifts in Finnish birds depends on their body mass and feeding ecology. Ornis Fennica 85: 109-117.

Brommer, J.E. 2004. The range margins of northern birds shift polewards. Annales Zoologici Fennici 41: 391-397.

Brown, B.E., Clarke, K.R. and Warwick, R.M. 2002. Serial patterns of biodiversity change in corals across shallow reef flats in Ko Phuket, Thailand, due to the effects of local (sedimentation) and regional (climatic) perturbations. Marine Biology 141: 24-29.

Brown, P., Kennett, J.P. and Ingram B.L. 1999. Marine evidence for episodic Holocene megafloods in North America and the northern Gulf of Mexico. Paleoceanography 14: 498-510.

Bucher-Wallin, I.K., Sonnleitner, M.A., Egli, P., Gunthardt-Goerg, M.S., Tarjan, D., Schulin, R. and Bucher, J.B. 2000. Effects of elevated CO2, increased nitrogen deposition and soil on evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of spruce-beech model ecosystems. Phyton 40: 49-60.

Buddemeier, R.W. and Fautin, D.G. 1993. Coral bleaching as an adaptive mechanism. BioScience 43: 320-326.

Buddemeier, R.W., Baker, A.C., Fautin, D.G. and Jacobs, J.R. 2004. The adaptive hypothesis of bleaching. In Rosenberg, E. and Loya, Y. (Eds.) Coral Health and Disease. Springer, Berlin, Germany, p. 427-444.

Bunce, J.A. 2001. Seasonal patterns of photosynthetic response and acclimation to elevated carbon dioxide in field-grown strawberry. Photosynthesis Research 68: 237-245.

Burger, K., Seidel, J., Glasser, R., Sudhaus, D., Dostal, P. and Mayer, H. 2007. Extreme floods of the 19th century in southwest Germany. La Houille Blanche: 10.1051/lhb:2007008.

Butikofer, J. 2007. Millennial Scale Climate Variability During the Last 6000 Years -- Tracking Down the Bond Cycles. Diploma thesis, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Camenisch, M. 2002. Veranderungen der Gipfelflora im Bereich des Schweizerischen Nationalparks: Ein Vergleich uber die letzen 80 Jahre. Jahresber nat forsch Ges Graubunden 111: 27-37.

Campbell, C. 2002. Late Holocene lake sedimentology and climate change in southern Alberta, Canada. Quaternary Research 49: 96-101.

Canadell, J.G., LeQuere, C., Raupach, M.R., Field, C.B., Buitenhuis, E.T,., Ciais, P., Conway, T.J., Gillett, N.P., Houghton, R.A. and Marland, G. 2007. Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 18,866-18.870.

Cao, J., Cheng, Y., Zhao, N., Song, W., Jiang, C., Chen, R. and Kan, H. 2009. Diurnal temperature range is a risk factor for coronary heart disease death. Journal of Epidemiology 19: 328-332.

Cao, M., Prince, S.D., Small, J. and Goetz, S.J. 2004. Remotely sensed interannual variations and trends in terrestrial net primary productivity 1981-2000. Ecosystems 7: 233-242.

Cao, M., Prince, S.D., Tao, B., Small, J. and Kerang, L. 2005. Regional pattern and interannual variations in global terrestrial carbon uptake in response to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2. Tellus B 57: 210-217.

Carson, E.C., Knox, J.C. and Mickelson, D.M. 2007. Response of bankfull flood magnitudes to Holocene climate change, Uinta Mountains, northeastern Utah. Geological Society of America Bulletin 119: 1066-1078.

Cazenave, A. 2006. How fast are the ice sheets melting? Science 314: 1250-1252.

Centritto, M. 2002. The effects of elevated [CO2] and water availability on growth and physiology of peach (Prunus persica) plants. Plant Biosystems 136: 177-188.

Centritto, M., Lucas, M.E. and Jarvis, P.G. 2002. Gas exchange, biomass, whole-plant water-use efficiency and water uptake of peach (Prunus persica) seedlings in response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration ands water availability. Tree Physiology 22: 699-706.

Centritto, M., Magnani, F., Lee, H.S.J. and Jarvis, P.G. 1999. Interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and drought on cherry (Prunus avium) seedlings. II. Photosynthetic capacity and water relations. New Phytologist 141: 141-153.

Ceusters, J., Borland, A.M., Londers, E., Verdoodt, V., Godts, C. and de Proft, M.P. 2008. Diel shifts in carboxylation pathway and metabolite dynamics in the CAM Bromeliad Aechmea 'Maya' in response to elevated CO2. Annals of Botany 102: 389-397.

Chamaille-Jammes, S., Massot, M., Aragon, P. and Clobert, J. 2006. Global warming and positive fitness response in mountain populations of common lizards Lacerta vivipara. Global Change Biology 12: 392-402.

Chan, J.C.L. 2008. Decadal variations of intense typhoon occurrence in the western North Pacific. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 464: 249-272.

Chan, J.C.L. 2009. Thermodynamic control on the climate of intense tropical cyclones. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 465: 3011-3021.

Chan, J.C.L. and Xu, M. 2009. Inter-annual and inter-decadal variations of landfalling tropical cyclones in East Asia. Part I: time series analysis. International Journal of Climatology 29: 1285-1293.

Changnon, S.A. 2009. Temporal and spatial distributions of wind storm damages in the United States. Climatic Change 94: 473-482.

Changnon, S.A. and Changnon, D. 2006. A spatial and temporal analysis of damaging snowstorms in the United States. Natural Hazards 37: 373-389.

Changnon, S.A. and Changnon, D. 2000. Long-term fluctuations in hail incidences in the United States. Journal of Climate 13: 658-664.

Changnon, S.A. 2003a. Shifting economic impacts from weather extremes in the United States: A result of societal changes, not global warming. Natural Hazards 29: 273-290.

Changnon, S.A. 2003b. Geographical and temporal variations in thunderstorms in the contiguous United States during the 20th century. Physical Geography 24: 138-152.

Chen, C.A., Wang, J.-T., Fang, L.-S. and Yang, Y.W. 2005. Fluctuating algal symbiont communities in Acropora palifera (Schleractinia: Acroporidae) from Taiwan. Marine Ecology Progress Series 295: 113-121.

Chen, J.L., Wilson, C.R. and Tapley, B.D. 2006. Satellite gravity measurements confirm accelerated melting of Greenland Ice Sheet. Science 313: 1958-1960.

Chenoweth, M. and Divine, D. 2008. A document-based 318-year record of tropical cyclones in the Lesser Antilles, 1690-2007. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9: 10.1029/2008GC002066.

Christidis, N., Donaldson, G.C. and Stott, P.A. 2010. Causes for the recent changes in cold- and heat-related mortality in England and Wales. Climatic Change 102: 539-553.

Chylek, P. and Lesins, G. 2008. Multidecadal variability of Atlantic hurricane activity: 1851-2007. Journal of Geophysical Research 113: 10.1029/2008JD010036.

Chylek, P., Box, J.E. and Lesins, G. 2004. Global warming and the Greenland ice sheet. Climatic Change 63: 201-221.

Chylek, P., Dubey, M.K. and Lesins, G. 2006. Greenland warming of 1920-1930 and 1995-2005. Geophysical Research Letters 33: 10.1029/2006GL026510.

Ciais, P., Piao, S.-L., Cadule, P., Friedlingstein, P. and Chedin, A. 2009. Variability and recent trends in the African terrestrial carbon balance. Biogeosciences 6: 1935-1948.

Clark, H., Newton, P.C.D. and Barker, D.J. 1999. Physiological and morphological responses to elevated CO2 and a soil moisture deficit of temperate pasture species growing in an established plant community. Journal of Experimental Botany 50: 233-242.

Clarke, M., Rendell, H., Tastet, J-P., Clave, B. and Masse, L. 2002. Late-Holocene sand invasion and North Atlantic storminess along the Aquitaine Coast, southwest France. The Holocene 12: 231-238.

Clarke, M.L. and Rendell, H.M. 2009. The impact of North Atlantic storminess on western European coasts: a review. Quaternary International 195: 31-41.

Clemmensen, L.B., Bjornsen, M., Murray, A. and Pedersen, K. 2007. Formation of Aeolian dunes on Anholt, Denmark since AD 1560: A record of deforestation and increased storminess. Sedimentary Geology 199: 171-187.

Clemmensen, L.B., Murray, A., Heinemeier, J. and de Jong, R. 2009. The evolution of Holocene coastal dune fields, Jutland, Denmark: a record of climate change over the past 5000 years. Geomorphology 105: 303-313.

Cluis, D. and Laberge, C. 2001. Climate change and trend detection in selected rivers within the Asia-Pacific region. Water International 26: 411-424.

Coeur, D. 2003. Genesis of a public policy for flood management in France: the case of the Grenoble valley (XVIIth-XIXth Centuries). In: Thorndycraft, V.R., Benito, G., Barriendos, M. and Llasat, M.C. (Eds.), Palaeofloods, Historical Floods and Climatic Variability: Applications in Flood Risk Assessment. CSIC, Madrid, Spain, pp. 373-378.

Cofaigh, C.O., Dowdeswell, J.A. and Pudsey, C.J. 2001. Late Quaternary iceberg rafting along the Antarctic Peninsula continental rise in the Weddell and Scotia Seas. Quaternary Research 56: 308-321.

Cole, C.T., Anderson, J.E., Lindroth, R.L. and Waller, D.M. 2010. Rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2 have increased growth in natural stands of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Global Change Biology 16: 2186-2197.

Coles, S.L. and Brown, B.E. 2003. Coral bleaching-capacity for acclimatization and adaptation. Advances in Marine Biology 46: 183-223.

Collins, M.J. 2009. Evidence for changing flood risk in New England since the late 20th century. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 45: 279-290.

Comiso, J.C. 2000. Variability and trends in Antarctic surface temperatures from in situ and satellite infrared measurements. Journal of Climate 13: 1674-1696.

Confalonieri, U., Menne, B., Akhtar, R., Ebi, K.L., Hauengue, M., Kovats, R.S., Revich, B. and Woodward, A. 2007. Human health. In: Parry, M.L. et al. (Eds.) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Conley, M.M., Kimball, B.A., Brooks, T.J., Pinter Jr., P.J., Hunsaker, D.J., Wall, G.W., Adams, N.R., LaMorte, R.L., Matthias, A.D., Thompson, T.L., Leavitt, S.W., Ottman, M.J., Cousins, A.B. and Triggs, J.M. 2001. CO2 enrichment increases water-use efficiency in sorghum. New Phytologist 151: 407-412.

Connell, J.H. 1983. On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments. The American Naturalist 122: 661-696.

Conway, G. and Toenniessen, G. 1999. Feeding the world in the twenty-first century. Nature 402 Supp: C55-C58.

Cook, E.R., Esper, J. and D'Arrigo, R.D. 2004. Extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere land temperature variability over the past 1000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 2063-2074.

Cook, E.R., Seager, R., Cane, M.A. and Stahle, D.W. 2007. North American drought: Reconstructions, causes, and consequences. Earth-Science Reviews 81: 93-134.

Cook, E.R., Seager, R., Heim Jr., R.R., Vose, R.S., Herweijer, C. and Woodhouse, C. 2009. Megadroughts in North America: placing IPCC projections of hydroclimatic change in a long-term palaeoclimate context. Journal of Quaternary Science 25: 48-61.

Cook, E.R., Woodhouse, C., Eakin, C.M., Meko, D.M. and Stahle, D.W. 2004. Long-term aridity changes in the western United States. Science 306: 1015-1018.

Cortes, J. and Jimenez, C. 2003. Corals and coral reefs of the Pacific of Costa Rica: history, research and status. In: Cortes, J. (Ed.) Latin American Coral Reefs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 361-385.

Cotgreave, P. and Harvey, P.H. 1994. Associations among biogeography, phylogeny and bird species diversity. Biodiversity Letters 2: 46-55.

Cronin, T., Willard, D., Karlsen, A., Ishman, S., Verardo, S., McGeehin, J., Kerhin, R., Holmes, C., Colman, S. and Zimmerman, A. 2000. Climatic variability in the eastern United States over the past millennium from Chesapeake Bay sediments. Geology 28: 3-6.

Crozier, L. 2004. Warmer winters drive butterfly range expansion by increasing survivorship. Ecology 85: 231-241.

Cunderlik, J.M. and Ouarda, T.B.M.J. 2009. Trends in the timing and magnitude of floods in Canada. Journal of Hydrology 375: 471-480.

Cyberski, J., Grzes, M., Gutry-Korycka, M., Nachlik, E. and Kundzewicz, Z.W. 2006. History of floods on the River Vistula. Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques 51: 799-817.

D'Arrigo, R., Wilson, R. and Jacoby, G. 2006. On the long-term context for late 20th century warming. Journal of Geophysical Research 111: D3, D03103.

D'Arrigo, R., Wilson, R., Liepert, B. and Cherubini, P. 2008. On the 'Divergence Problem' in Northern Forests: A review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causes. Global and Planetary Change 60: 289-305.

Dahlhoff, E.P. 2004. Biochemical indicators of stress and metabolism: applications for marine ecological studies. Annual Review of Physiology 66: 183-207.

Dahlhoff, E.P. and Rank, N.E. 2007. The role of stress proteins in responses of a montane willow leaf beetle to environmental temperature variation. Journal of Biosciences 32: 477-488.

Dai, A. 2006. Precipitation characteristics in eighteen coupled climate models. Journal of Climate 19: 4605-4630.

Daniels, J.M. and Knox, J.C. 2005. Alluvial stratigraphic evidence for channel incision during the Mediaeval Warm Period on the central Great plains, USA. The Holocene 15: 736-747.

Das, S.B., Joughin, I., Behn, M.D., Howat, I.M., King, M.A., Lizarralde, D. and Bhatia, M.P. 2008. Fracture propagation to the base of the Greenland Ice Sheet during supraglacial lake drainage. Science 320: 778-781.

Davi, N.K., Jacoby, G.C., Curtis, A.E. and Baatarbileg, N. 2006. Extension of drought records for central Asia using tree rings: West-Central Mongolia. Journal of Climate 19: 288-299.

Davis, A.J., Jenkinson, I.S., Lawton, J.H., Shorrocks, B. and Wood, S. 1998. Making mistakes when predicting shifts in species range in response to global warming. Nature 391: 783-786.

Dawson, A., Elliott, L., Noone, S., Hickey, K., Holt, T., Wadhams, P. and Foster, I. 2004a. Historical storminess and climate 'see-saws' in the North Atlantic region. Marine Geology 210: 247-259.

Dawson, A.G., Elliott, L., Mayewski, P., Lockett, P., Noone, S., Hickey, K., Holt, T., Wadhams, P. and Foster, I. 2003. Late-Holocene North Atlantic climate "seesaws", storminess changes and Greenland ice sheet (GISP2) palaeoclimates. The Holocene 13: 381-392.

Dawson, A.G., Hickey, K., Holt, T., Elliott, L., Dawson, S., Foster, I.D.L., Wadhams, P., Jonsdottir, I., Wilkinson, J., McKenna, J., Davis, N.R. and Smith, D.E. 2002. Complex North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index signal of historic North Atlantic storm-track changes. The Holocene 12: 363-369.

Dawson, S., Smith, D.E., Jordan, J. and Dawson, A.G. 2004b. Late Holocene coastal sand movements in the Outer Hebrides, N.W. Scotland. Marine Geology 210: 281-306.

De Frenne, P., Graae, J.J., Kolb, A., Brunet, J., Chabrerie, O., Cousins, S.A.O., Decocq, G., Dhondt, R., Diekmann, M., Eriksson, O., Heinken, T., Hermy, M., Jogar, U., Saguez, R., Shevtsova, A., Stanton, S., Zindel, R., Zobel, M. and Verheyen, K. 2010. Significant effects of temperature on the reproductive output of the forest herb Anemone nemorosa L. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 809-817.

De Lange, W.P. and Gibb, J.G. 2000. Seasonal, interannual, and decadal variability of storm surges at Tauranga, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 34: 419-434.

De Luis, J., Irigoyen, J.J. and Sanchez-Diaz, M. 1999. Elevated CO2 enhances plant growth in droughted N2-fixing alfalfa without improving water stress. Physiologia Plantarum 107: 84-89.

Dean, W.E. and Schwalb, A. 2000. Holocene environmental and climatic change in the Northern Great Plains as recorded in the geochemistry of sediments in Pickerel Lake, South Dakota. Quaternary International 67: 5-20.

Denton, G.H. and Karlen, W. 1973. Holocene climatic variations -- their pattern and possible cause. Quaternary Research 3: 155-205.

Dermody, O., Weltzin, J.F., Engel, E.C., Allen, P. and Norby, R.J. 2007. How do elevated [CO2], warming, and reduced precipitation interact to affect soil moisture and LAI in an old field ecosystem? Plant and Soil 301: 255-266.

Deschenes, O. and Moretti, E. 2009. Extreme weather events, mortality, and migration. The Review of Economics and Statistics 91: 659-681.

Diaz, H.F. 1983. Some aspects of major dry and wet periods in the contiguous United States, 1895-1981. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 22: 3-16.

Dobson, A.P. 2009. Climate variability, global change, immunity, and the dynamics of infectious diseases. Ecology 90: 920-927.

Dolan, J.R., Lemee, R., Gasparini, S., Mousseau, L. and Heyndrickx, C. 2006. Probing diversity in the plankton: using patterns in Tintinnids (planktonic marine ciliates) to identify mechanisms. Hydrobiologia 555: 143-157.

Dong-Xiu, W., Gen-Xuan, W., Yong-Fei, B., Jian-Xiong, L. and Hong-Xu, R. 2002. Response of growth and water use efficiency of spring wheat to whole season CO2 enrichment and drought. Acta Botanica Sinica 44: 1477-1483.

Doran, P.T., Priscu, J.C., Lyons, W.B., Walsh, J.E., Fountain, A.G., McKnight, D.M., Moorhead, D.L., Virginia, R.A., Wall, D.H., Clow, G.D., Fritsen, C.H., McKay, C.P. and Parsons, A.N. 2002. Antarctic climate cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response. Nature 415: 617-620.

Douglass, A.E. 1929. The secret of the Southwest solved with talkative tree rings. National Geographic December: 736-770.

Douglass, A.E. 1935. Dating Pueblo Bonito and other ruins of the Southwest. National Geographic Society Contributed Technical Papers. Pueblo Bonito Series 1: 1-74.

Ducic, V. 2005. Reconstruction of the Danube discharge on hydrological station Orsova in pre-instrumental period: Possible causes of fluctuations. Edition Physical Geography of Serbia 2: 79-100.

Dunn, R.R., Davies, T.J., Harris, N.C. and Gavin, M.C. 2010. Global drivers of human pathogen richness and prevalence. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277: 2587-2595.

Dunne, R.P. and Brown, B.E. 2001. The influence of solar radiation on bleaching of shallow water reef corals in the Andaman Sea, 1993-98. Coral Reefs 20: 201-210.

Duquesnay, A., Breda, N., Stievenard, M. and Dupouey, J.L. 1998. Changes of tree-ring δ13C and water-use efficiency of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in north-eastern France during the past century. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 565-572.

Dyrcz, A. and Halupka, L. 2009. The response of the Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus to climate change. Journal of Ornithology 150: 39-44.

Easterling, D.R., Evans, J.L., Groisman, P. Ya., Karl, T.R., Kunkel, K.E., and Ambenje, P. 2000. Observed variability and trends in extreme climate events: A brief review. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 81: 417-425.

Easterling, D.R., Horton, B., Jones, P.D., Peterson, T.C., Karl, T.R., Parker, D.E., Salinger, M.J., Razuvayev, V., Plummer, N., Jamason, P. and Folland, C.K. 1997. Maximum and minimum temperature trends for the globe. Science 277: 364-367.

Eccles, R. 2002. An explanation for the seasonality of acute upper respiratory tract viral infections. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 122: 183-191.

Edmunds, P.J. 1994. Evidence that reef-wide patterns of coral bleaching may be the result of the distribution of bleaching susceptible clones. Coral Reefs (Berlin) 121: 137-142.

Egli, P., Maurer, S., Gunthardt-Goerg, M.S. and Korner, C. 1998. Effects of elevated CO2 and soil quality on leaf gas exchange and aboveground growth in beech-spruce model ecosystems. New Phytologist 140: 185-196.

Eguchi, N., Funada, R., Ueda, T., Takagi, K., Hiura, T., Sasa, K. and Koike, T. 2004. Soil moisture condition and growth of deciduous tree seedlings native to northern Japan grown under elevated CO2 with a FACE system. Phyton 45: 133-138.

Eklundh, L. and Olsson, L. 2003. Vegetation index trends for the African Sahel 1982-1999. Geophysical Research Letters 30: 10.1029/2002GL016772.

Elsner, J.B. 2008. Hurricanes and climate change. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89: 677-679.

Elsner, J.B., Xufeng, N. and Jagger, T.H. 2004. Detecting shifts in hurricane rates using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. Journal of Climate 17: 2652-2666.

Ely, L.L. 1997. Response of extreme floods in the southwestern United States to climatic variations in the late Holocene. Geomorphology 19: 175-201.

Emanuel, K., Sundarrajan, R. and Williams, J. 2008. Hurricanes and global warming: Results from downscaling IPCC AR4 simulations. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89: 347-367.

Emanuel, K.A. 1987. The dependence of hurricane intensity on climate. Nature 326: 483-485.

Emanuel, K.A. 2005. Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature 436: 686-688.

Englehart, P.J., Lewis, M.D. and Douglas, A.V. 2008. Defining the frequency of near-shore tropical cyclone activity in the eastern North Pacific from historical surface observations (1921-2005). Geophysical Research Letters 35: 10.1029/2007GL032546.

Engloner, A.I., Kovacs, D., Balogh, J. and Tuba, Z. 2003. Anatomical and eco-physiological changes in leaves of couch-grass (Elymus repens L.), a temperate loess grassland species, after 7 years growth under elevated CO2 concentration. Photosynthetica 41: 185-189.

Erschbamer, B., Kiebacher, T., Mallaun, M. and Unterluggauer, P. 2009. Short-term signals of climate change along an altitudinal gradient in the South Alps. Plant Ecology 202: 79-89.

Esper, J., Cook, E.R. and Schweingruber, F.H. 2002. Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability. Science 295: 2250-2253.

Esper, J., Frank, D., Buntgen, U., Verstege, A., Luterbacher, J. and Xoplaki, E. 2007. Long-term drought severity variations in Morocco. Geophysical Research Letters 34: 10.1029/2007GL030844.

Ettema, J., van den Broeke, M.R., van Meijgaard, E., van de Berg, W.J., Bamber, J.L., Box, J.E. and Bales, R.C. 2009. Higher surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet revealed by high-resolution climate modeling. Geophysical Research Letters 36: 10.1029/2009GL038110.

Fagoonee, I., Wilson, H.B., Hassell, M.P. and Turner, J.R. 1999. The dynamics of zooxanthellae populations: A long-term study in the field. Science 283: 843-845.

Fan, D-D. and Liu, K-b. 2008. Perspectives on the linkage between typhoon activity and global warming from recent research advances in paleotempestology. Chinese Science Bulletin 53: 2907-2922.

Fan, Y.-D., Shi, P.-J., Zhu, A.-J., Gong, M.-X. and Guan, Y. 2006. Analysis of connection between dust storm and climate factors in northern China. Journal of Natural Disasters 15: 12-18.

Fang, J., Piao, S., Field, C.B., Pan, Y., Guo, Q., Zhou, L., Peng, C. and Tao, S. 2003. Increasing net primary production in China from 1982 to 1999. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1: 293-297.

Fang, L.-S., Huang, S.-P. and Lin, K.-L. 1997. High temperature induces the synthesis of heat-shock proteins and the elevation of intracellular calcium in the coral Acropora grandis. Coral Reefs 16: 127-131.

Feng, X. 1999. Trends in intrinsic water-use efficiency of natural trees for the past 100-200 years: A response to atmospheric CO2 concentration. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63: 1891-1903.

Fernandez, M.D., Pieters, A., Donoso, C., Tezara, W., Azuke, M., Herrera, C., Rengifo, E. and Herrera, A. 1998. Effects of a natural source of very high CO2 concentration on the leaf gas exchange, xylem water potential and stomatal characteristics of plants of Spatiphylum cannifolium and Bauhinia multinervia. New Phytologist 138: 689-697.

Fernandez-Raga, M., Tomas, C. and Fraile, R. 2010. Human mortality seasonality in Castile-Leon, Spain, between 1980 and 1998: the influence of temperature, pressure and humidity. International Journal of Biometeorology 54: 379-392.

Ferretti, D.F., Pendall, E., Morgan, J.A., Nelson, J.A., LeCain, D., and Mosier, A.R. 2003. Partitioning evapotranspiration fluxes from a Colorado grassland using stable isotopes: Seasonal variations and ecosystem implications of elevated atmospheric CO2. Plant and Soil 254: 291-303.

Fjeldsa, J. and Lovett, J.C. 1997. Biodiversity and environmental stability. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 315-323.

Fleisher, D.H., Timlin, D.J. and Reddy, V.R. 2008. Elevated carbon dioxide and water stress effects on potato canopy gas exchange, water use, and productivity. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 148: 1109-1122.

Fleming, D.M., Cross, K.W., Sunderland, R. and Ross, A.M. 2000. Comparison of the seasonal patterns of asthma identified in general practitioner episodes, hospital admissions, and deaths. Thorax 55: 662-665.

Foley, J.A., DeFries, R., Asner, G.P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S.R., Chapin, F.S., Coe, M.T., Daily, G.C., Gibbs, H.K., Helkowski, J.H., Holloway, T., Howard, E.A., Kucharik, C.J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J.A., Prentice, I.C., Ramankutty, N. and Snyder, P.K. 2005. Global consequences of land use. Science 309: 570-574.

Forbes, B.C., Fauria, M.M. and Zetterberg, P. 2010. Russian Arctic warming and 'greening' are closely tracked by tundra shrub willows. Global Change Biology 16: 1542-1554.

Forland, E., Roald, L.A., Tveito, O.E. and Hanssen-Bauer, I. 2000. Past and future variations in climate and runoff in Norway. DNMI Report no. 1900/00 KLIMA, Oslo, Norway.

Forman, S.L., Marin, L., Pierson, J., Gomez, J., Miller, G.H. and Webb, R.S. 2005. Aeolian sand depositional records from western Nebraska: landscape response to droughts in the past 1500 years. The Holocene 15: 973-981.

Freden, A.L., Randerson, J.T., Holbrook, N.M. and Field, C.B. 1997. Elevated atmospheric CO2 increases water availability in a water-limited grassland ecosystem. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33: 1033-1039.

Free, M., Bister, M. and Emanuel, K. 2004. Potential intensity of tropical cyclones: Comparison of results from radiosonde and reanalysis data. Journal of Climate 17: 1722-1727.

Fritz, S.C., Ito, E., Yu, Z., Laird, K.R. and Engstrom, D.R. 2000. Hydrologic variation in the Northern Great Plains during the last two millennia. Quaternary Research 53: 175-184.

Fye, F.K., Stahle, D.W. and Cook, E.R. 2003. Paleoclimatic analogs to 20th century moisture regimes across the USA. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 84: 901-909.

Gage, K.L., Burkot, T.R., Eisen, R.J. and Hayes, E.B. 2008. Climate and vector borne diseases. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35: 436-450.

Garbrecht, J.D. and Rossel, F.E. 2002. Decade-scale precipitation increase in Great Plains at end of 20th century. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 7: 64-75.

Garcia, R.L., Long, S.P., Wall, G.W., Osborne, C.P., Kimball, B.A., Nie, G.Y., Pinter Jr., P.J., LaMorte, R.L. and Wechsung, F. 1998. Photosynthesis and conductance of spring-wheat leaves: field response to continuous free-air atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 659-669.

Garcin, Y., Williamson, D., Bergonzini, L., Radakovitch, O., Vincens, A., Buchet, G., Guiot, J., Brewer, S., Mathe, P.-E. and Majule, A. 2007. Solar and anthropogenic imprints on Lake Masoko (southern Tanzania) during the last 500 years. Journal of Paleolimnology 37: 475-490.

Gaston, J.K. and Blackburn, T.M. 2000. Pattern and Process in Macroecology. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom.

Gates, R.D. and Edmunds, P.J. 1999. The physiological mechanisms of acclimatization in tropical reef corals. American Zoologist 39: 30-43.

Gavito, M.E., Curtis, P.S., Mikkelsen, T.N. and Jakobsen, I. 2000. Atmospheric CO2 and mycorrhiza effects on biomass allocation and nutrient uptake of nodulated pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 52: 1931-1938.

Gedalof, Z., Peterson, D.L. and Mantua, N.J. 2004. Columbia River flow and drought since 1750. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40: 1579-1592.

Gedney, N., Cox, P.M., Betts, R.A., Boucher, O., Huntingford, C. and Stott, P.A. 2006. Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records. Nature 439: 835-838.

Gilbertson, D.D., Schwenninger, J.L., Kemp, R.A. and Rhodes, E.J. 1999. Sand-drift and soil formation along an exposed North Atlantic coastline: 14,000 years of diverse geomorphological, climatic and human impacts. Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 439-469.

Gleason, M.G. 1993. Effects of disturbance on coral communities: bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia. Coral Reefs 12: 193-201.

Glynn, P.W. 1996. Coral reef bleaching: facts, hypotheses and implications. Global Change Biology 2: 495-509.

Glynn, P.W., Mate, J.L., Baker, A.C. and Calderon, M.O. 2001. Coral bleaching and mortality in Panama and Equador during the 1997-1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation event: spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982-1983 event. Bulletin of Marine Science 69: 79-109.

Gong, D.-Y., Mao, R. and Fan, Y.-D. 2006. East Asian dust storm and weather disturbance: Possible links to the Arctic Oscillation. International Journal of Climatology 26: 1379-1396.

Gong, D.-Y., Mao, R., Shi, P.-J. and Fan, Y.-D. 2007. Correlation between east Asian dust storm frequency and PNA. Geophysical Research Letters 34: 10.1029/2007GL029944.

Gonzalez-Megias, A., Menendez, R., Roy, D., Brereton, T. and Thomas, C.D. 2008. Changes in the composition of British butterfly assemblages over two decades. Global Change Biology 14: 1464-1474.

Gore, A. 2006. An Inconvenient Truth. Roldale, Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA.

Grabherr, G, Gottfried, M. and Pauli, H. 1994. Climate effects on mountain plants. Nature 369: 448.

Graham, C.H., Moritz, C. and Williams, S.E. 2006. Habitat history improves prediction of biodiversity in rainforest fauna. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 632-636.

Grandgeorge, M., Wanless, S., Dunn, T.E., Maumy, M., Beaugrand, G. and Gremillet, D. 2008. Resilience of the British and Irish seabird community in the twentieth century. Aquatic Biology 4: 187-199.

Gray, S.T., Betancourt, J.L., Fastie, C.L. and Jackson, S.T. 2003. Patterns and sources of multidecadal oscillations in drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the central and southern Rocky Mountains. Geophysical Research Letters 30: 10.1029/2002GL016154.

Gray, S.T., Fastie, C.L., Jackson, S.T. and Betancourt, J.L. 2004a. Tree-ring-based reconstruction of precipitation in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, since 1260 A.D. Journal of Climate 17: 3855-3865.

Gray, S.T., Jackson, S.T. and Betancourt, J.L. 2004b. Tree-ring based reconstructions of interannual to decadal scale precipitation variability for northeastern Utah since 1226 A.D. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40: 947-960.

Grech, V., Balzan, M., Asciak, R.P. and Buhagiar, A. 2002. Seasonal variations in hospital admissions for asthma in Malta. Journal of Asthma 39: 263-268.

Green, R.E., Cornell, S.J., Scharlemann, J.P.W. and Balmford, A. 2005. Farming and the fate of wild nature. Science 307: 550-555.

Greenep, H., Turnbull, M.H. and Whitehead, D. 2003. Response of photosynthesis in second-generation Pinus radiata trees to long-term exposure to elevated carbon dioxide partial pressure. Tree Physiology 23: 569-576.

Gregory, R.D., van Strien, A.J., Vorisek, P., Gmelig Meyling, A.W., Noble, D.G., Foppen, R.P.B. and Gibbons, D.W. 2005. Developing indicators for European birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360: 269.

Grinnell, J. and Storer, T.I. 1924. Animal Life in the Yosemite. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.

Grunzweig, J.M. and Korner, C. 2001. Growth, water and nitrogen relations in grassland model ecosystems of the semi-arid Negev of Israel exposed to elevated CO2. Oecologia 128: 251-262.

Gubler, D.J. 1998. The global pandemic of dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever: Current status and prospects for the future. Annals, Academy of Medicine, Singapore 27: 227-234.

Guilbert, X. 1994. Les crues de la Durance depuis le XIVeme siècle. Frequence, periodicite et interpretation paleo-climatique. Memoire de maitrise de Geographie. Universite d'Aix-Marseille I, Aix-en-Provence.

Gunderson, C.A., Sholtis, J.D., Wullschleger, S.D., Tissue, D.T., Hanson, P.J. and Norby, R.J. 2002. Environmental and stomatal control of photosynthetic enhancement in the canopy of a sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) plantation during 3 years of CO2 enrichment. Plant, Cell and Environment 25: 379-393.

Guzman, H.M. and Cortes, J. 1992. Cocos Island (Pacific of Costa Rica) coral reefs after the 1982-83 El Niño disturbance. Revista de Biologia Tropical 40: 309-324.

Guzman, H.M. and Cortes, J. 2007. Reef recovery 20 years after the 1982-1983 El Niño massive mortality. Coral Reefs 151: 401-411.

Hage, K. 2003. On destructive Canadian prairie windstorms and severe winters. Natural Hazards 29: 207-228.

Hakala, K. Helio, R., Tuhkanen, E. and Kaukoranta, T. 1999. Photosynthesis and Rubisco kinetics in spring wheat and meadow fescue under conditions of simulated climate change with elevated CO2 and increased temperatures. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 8: 441-457.

Hallinger, M., Manthey, M. and Wilmking, M. 2010. Establishing a missing link: warm summers and winter snow cover promote shrub expansion into alpine tundra in Scandinavia. New Phytologist 186: 890-899.

Halstead, S.B. 2008. Dengue virus-mosquito interactions. Annual Review of Entomology 53: 273-291.

Halupka, L., Dyrcz, A. and Borowiec, M. 2008. Climate change affects breeding of reed warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus. Journal of Avian Biology 39: 95-100.

Ham, J.M., Owensby, C.E., Coyne, P.I. and Bremer, D.J. 1995. Fluxes of CO2 and water vapor from a prairie ecosystem exposed to ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 77: 73-93.

Hamerlynck, E.P., Huxman, T.E., Charlet, T.N. and Smith, S.D. 2002. Effects of elevated CO2 (FACE) on the functional ecology of the drought-deciduous Mojave Desert shrub, Lycium andersonii. Environmental and Experimental Botany 48: 93-106.

Hampe, A. 2004. Bioclimate envelope models: what they detect and what they hide. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13: 469-471.

Hanjra, M.A. and Qureshi, M.E. 2010. Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change. Food Policy 35: 365-377.

Hanna, E., Cappelen, J., Allan, R., Jonsson, T., Le Blanco, F., Lillington, T. and Hickey, K. 2008. New insights into North European and North Atlantic surface pressure variability, storminess, and related climatic change since 1830. Journal of Climate 21: 6739-6766.

Hannaford, J. and Marsh, T.J. 2008. High-flow and flood trends in a network of undisturbed catchments in the UK. International Journal of Climatology 28: 1325-1338.

Haque, C.E. 2000. Risk assessment, emergency preparedness and response to hazards: The case of the 1997 Red River Valley flood, Canada. Natural Hazards 21: 225-245.

Harper, B.A., Stroud, S.A., McCormack, M. and West, S. 2008. A review of historical tropical cyclone intensity in northwestern Australia and implications for climate change trend analysis. Australian Meteorological Magazine 57: 121-141.

Harrington, G.N. and Sanderson, K.D. 1994. Recent contraction of wet sclerophyll forest in the wet tropics of Queensland due to invasion by rainforest. Pacific Conservation Biology 1: 319-327.

Harvell, D., Altizer, S., Cattadori, I.M., Harrington, L. and Weil, E. 2009. Climate change and wildlife diseases: When does the host matter the most? Ecology 90: 912-920.

Hassim, M.E.E. and Walsh, K.J.E. 2008. Tropical cyclone trends in the Australian region. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9: 10.1029/2007GC001804.

Hawley, W.A., Reiter, P., Copeland, R.S., Pumpuni, C.B. and Craig Jr., G.B. 1987. Aedes albopictus in North America: Probable introduction in used tires from northern Asia. Science 236: 1114-1116.

Hay, S.I., Rogers, D.J., Randolph, S.E., Stern, D.I., Cox, J., Shanks, G.D. and Snow, R.W. 2002. Hot topic or hot air? Climate change and malaria resurgence in East African highlands. Trends in Parasitology 18: 530-534.

Hayden, B.P. 1999. Climate change and extratropical storminess in the United States: An assessment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35: 1387-1397.

Hayes, R.L. and King, C.M. 1995. Induction of 70-kD heat shock protein in scleractinian corals by elevated temperature: Significance for coral bleaching. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 4: 36-42.

Haynes, J.M., L'Ecuyer, T.S., Stephens, G.L., Miller, S.D., Mitrescu, C., Wood, N.B. and Tanelli, S. 2009. Rainfall retrieval over the ocean with spaceborne W-band radar. Journal of Geophysical Research 114: 10.1029/2008JD009973.

Heine, K. 2004. Flood reconstructions in the Namib Desert, Namibia and Little Ice Age climatic implications: Evidence from slackwater deposits and desert soil sequences. Journal of the Geological Society of India 64: 535-547.

Henderson-Sellers, A., Zhang, H., Berz, G., Emanuel, K., Gray, W., Landsea, C., Holland, G., Lighthill, J., Shieh, S-L., Webster, P. and McGuffie, K. 1998. Tropical cyclones and global climate change: A post-IPCC assessment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79: 19-38.

Hicke, J.A., Asner, G.P., Randerson, J.T., Tucker, C., Los, S., Birdsey, R., Jenkins, J.C. and Field, C. 2002. Trends in North American net primary productivity derived from satellite observations, 1982-1998. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16: 10.1029/2001GB001550.

Hickling, R., Roy, D.B., Hill, J.K., Fox, R. and Thomas, C.D. 2006. The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding polewards. Global Change Biology 12: 450-455.

Hidalgo, H.G., Piechota, T.C. and Dracup, J.A. 2000. Alternative principal components regression procedures for dendrohydrologic reconstructions. Water Resources Research 36: 3241-3249.

Hietz, P., Wanek, W. and Dunisch, O. 2005. Long-term trends in cellulose δ13C and water-use efficiency of tropical Cedrela and Swietenia from Brazil. Tree Physiology 25: 745-752.

Higgins, P.A.T., Jackson, R.B., Des Rosiers, J.M. and Field, C.B. 2002. Root production and demography in a California annual grassland under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Global Change Biology 8: 841-850.

Himes, J.G. and Drohan, P.J. 2007. Distribution and habitat selection of the pygmy rabbit, Brachylagus idahoensis, in Nevada (USA). Journal of Arid Environments 68: 371-382.

Hisdal, H., Stahl, K., Tallaksen, L.M. and Demuth, S. 2001. Have streamflow droughts in Europe become more severe or frequent? International Journal of Climatology 21: 317-333.

Hitch, A.T. and Leberg, P.L. 2007. Breeding distributions of North American bird species moving north as a result of climate change. Conservation Biology 21: 534-539.

Hodell, D.A., Brenner, M., Curtis, J.H. and Guilderson, T. 2001. Solar forcing of drought frequency in the Maya lowlands. Science 292: 1367-1370.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 50: 839-866.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Salvat, B. 1995. Periodic mass-bleaching and elevated sea temperatures: bleaching of outer reef slope communities in Moorea, French Polynesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 121: 181-190.

Holmes, J.A., Street-Perrott, F.A., Allen, M.J., Fothergill, P.A., Harkness, D.D., Droon, D. and Perrott, R.A. 1997. Holocene palaeolimnology of Kajemarum Oasis, Northern Nigeria: An isotopic study of ostracodes, bulk carbonate and organic carbon. Journal of the Geological Society, London 154: 311-319.

Holzinger, B., Hulber, K., Camenisch, M. and Grabherr, G. 2008. Changes in plant species richness over the last century in the eastern Swiss Alps: elevational gradient, bedrock effects and migration rates. Plant Ecology 195: 179-196.

Hong, B., Liu, C., Lin, Q., Yasuyuki, S., Leng, X., Wang, Y., Zhu, Y. and Hong, Y. 2009b. Temperature evolution from the δ18O record of Hami peat, Northeast China, in the last 14,000 years. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 52: 952-964.

Hong, Y.T., Hong, B., Lin, Q.H., Shibata, Y., Zhu, Y.X., Leng, X.T. and Wang, Y. 2009a. Synchronous climate anomalies in the western North Pacific and North Atlantic regions during the last 14,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 840-849.

Hoskin, C.J. 2004. Australian microhylid frogs (Cophixalus and Austrochaperina): phylogeny, taxonomy, calls, distributions and breeding biology. Australian Journal of Zoology 52: 237-269.

Housman, D.C., Naumburg, E., Huxman, T.E., Charlet, T.N., Nowak, R.S. and Smith, S.D. 2006. Increases in desert shrub productivity under elevated carbon dioxide vary with water availability. Ecosystems 9: 374-385.

Howat, I.M., Joughin, I. and Scambos, T.A. 2007. Rapid changes in ice discharge from Greenland outlet glaciers. Science 315: 1559-1561.

Howell, A.H. 1924. Revision of the American Pikas. North American Fauna No. 47. USDA Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington, DC, USA.

Huang, J., Pray, C. and Rozelle, S. 2002. Enhancing the crops to feed the poor. Nature 418: 678-684.

Hudson, J.M.G. and Henry, G.H.R. 2009. Increased plant biomass in a High Arctic heath community from 1981 to 2008. Ecology 90: 2657-2663.

Hungate, B.A., Reichstein, M., Dijkstra, P., Johnson, D., Hymus, G., Tenhunen, J.D., Hinkle, C.R. and Drake, B.G. 2002. Evapotranspiration and soil water content in a scrub-oak woodland under carbon dioxide enrichment. Global Change Biology 8: 289-298.

Hunsaker, D.J., Kimball. B.A., Pinter Jr., P.J., Wall, G.W., LaMorte, R.L., Adamsen, F.J., Leavitt, S.W., Thompson, T.L., Matthias, A.D. and Brooks, T.J. 2000. CO2 enrichment and soil nitrogen effects on wheat evapotranspiration and water use efficiency. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 104: 85-105.

Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C., Hill, J.K., Willis, S.G., Bartlein, P.J., Cramer, W., Hagemeijer, W.J.M. and Thomas, C.J. 2004. The performance of models relating species geographical distributions to climate is independent of trophic level. Ecology Letters 7: 417-426.

Husek, J. and Adamik, P. 2008. Long-term trends in the timing of breeding and brood size in the Red-Backed Shrike Lanius collurio in the Czech Republic, 1964-2004. Journal of Ornithology 149: 97-103.

Hyvarinen, V. 2003. Trends and characteristics of hydrological time series in Finland. Nordic Hydrology 34: 71-90.

Ichii, K., Hashimoto, H., Nemani, R. and White, M. 2005. Modeling the interannual variability and trends in gross and net primary productivity of tropical forests from 1982 to 1999. Global and Planetary Change 48: 274-286.

Ichii, K., Kawabata, A. and Yamaguchi, Y. 2002. Global correlation analysis for NDVI and climatic variables and NDVI trends: 1982-1990. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23: 3873-3878.

Idso, C.D. 2009. CO2, Global Warming and Coral Reefs. Vales Lake Publishing, LLC, Pueblo West, Colorado, USA.

Idso, C.D. and Idso, K.E. 2000. Forecasting world food supplies: The impact of the rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. Technology 7S: 33-55.

Idso, C.D. and Singer, S.F. 2009. Climate Change Reconsidered: 2009 Report of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC). The Heartland Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Idso, K.E. and Idso, S.B. 1994. Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment in the face of environmental constraints: a review of the past 10 years' research. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 69: 153-203.

Idso, S.B. and Kimball, B.A. 2001. CO2 enrichment of sour orange trees: 13 years and counting. Environmental and Experimental Botany 46: 147-153.

International Energy Agency. 2010. World Energy Outlook 2010. International Energy Agency, Paris, France.

Isono, D., Yamamoto, M., Irino, T., Oba, T., Murayama, M., Nakamura, T. and Kawahata, H. 2009. The 1500-year climate oscillation in the mid-latitude North Pacific during the Holocene. Geology 37: 591-594.

Jelgersma, S., Stive, M.J.F. and van der Walk, L. 1995. Holocene storm surge signatures in the coastal dunes of the western Netherlands. Marine Geology 125: 95-110.

Jetz, W., Rahbek, C. and Colwell, R.K. 2004. The coincidence of rarity and richness and the potential signature of history in centers of endemism. Ecology Letters 7: 1180-1191.

Jimenez, C., Cortes, J., Leon, A. and Ruiz, E. 2001. Coral bleaching and mortality associated with the 1997-1998 El Niño in an upwelling environment in the eastern Pacific (Gulf of Papagyo, Costa Rica). Bulletin of Marine Science 69: 151-169.

Johannessen, O.M., Khvorostovsky, K., Miles, M.W. and Bobylev, L.P. 2005. Recent ice-sheet growth in the interior of Greenland. Science 310: 1013-1016.

Johansson, M.A., Cummings, D.A.T. and Glass, G.E. 2009. Multiyear climate variability and dengue-El Niño Southern Oscillation, weather and dengue incidence in Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Thailand: A longitudinal data analysis. PLoS Medicine 6: e1000168.

Jones, A.M., Berkelmans, R., van Oppen, M.J.H., Mieog, J.C. and Sinclair, W. 2008. A community change in the algal endosymbionts of a scleractinian coral following a natural bleaching event: field evidence of acclimatization. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275: 1359-1365.

Joughin, I., Das, S.B., King, M.A., Smith, B.E., Howat, I.M. and Moonb, T. 2008. Seasonal speedup along the western flank of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Science 320: 781-783.

Julliard, R., Jiguet, F. and Couvet, D. 2004. Common birds facing global changes: what makes a species at risk? Global Change Biology 10: 148-154.

Kalugin, I., Selegei, V., Goldberg, E. and Seret, G. 2005. Rhythmic fine-grained sediment deposition in Lake Teletskoye, Altai, Siberia, in relation to regional climate change. Quaternary International 136: 5-13.

Kamahori, H., Yamazaki, N., Mannoji, N. and Takahashi, K. 2006. Variability in intense tropical cyclone days in the western North Pacific. SOLA 2: 104-107.

Karl, I., Sorensen, J.G., Loeschcke, V. and Fischer, K. 2008. HSP70 expression in the Copper butterfly Lycaena tityrus across altitudes and temperatures. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22: 172-178.

Kawabata, A., Ichii, K. and Yamaguchi, Y. 2001. Global monitoring of international changes in vegetation activities using NDVI and its relationship to temperature and precipitation. International Journal of Remote Sensing 22: 1377-1382.

Kelly, A.E. and Goulden, M.L. 2008. Rapid shifts in plant distribution with recent climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 105: 11,823-11,826.

Khandekar, L. 2003. Comment on WMO statement on extreme weather events. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 84: 428.

Kharin, W., Zwiers, F.W., Zhang, X. and Hegerl, G.C. 2007. Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the IPCC ensemble of global coupled model simulations. Journal of Climate 20: 1419-1444.

Kharuk, V.I., Ranson, K.J., Im, S.T. and Naurzbaev, M.M. 2006. Forest-tundra larch forests and climatic trends. Russian Journal of Ecology 37: 291-298.

Khush, G.S. 2005. What it will take to feed 5.0 billion rice consumers in 2030. Plant Molecular Biology 59: 1-6.

Kiktev, D., Caesar, J., Alexander, L.V., Shiogama, H. and Collier, M. 2007. Comparison of observed and multimodeled trends in annual extremes of temperature and precipitation. Geophysical Research Letters 34: 10.1029/2007GL029539.

Kim, D.-W., Byun, H.-R. and Choi, K.-S. 2009. Evaluation, modification, and application of the Effective Drought Index to 200-Year drought climatology of Seoul, Korea. Journal of Hydrology 378: 1-12.

Kim, S.-H., Sicher, R.C., Bae, H., Gitz, D.C., Baker, J.T., Timlin, D.J. and Reddy, V.R. 2006. Canopy photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, leaf nitrogen, and transcription profiles of maize in response to CO2 enrichment. Global Change Biology 12: 588-600.

Kimball, B.A. 1983. Carbon dioxide and agricultural yield: an assemblage and analysis of 430 prior observations. Agronomy Journal 75: 779-788.

Kinzie III, R.A. 1999. Sex, symbiosis and coral reef communities. American Zoologist 39: 80-91.

Kinzie III, R.A., Takayama, M., Santos, S.C. and Coffroth, M.A. 2001. The adaptive bleaching hypothesis: Experimental tests of critical assumptions. Biological Bulletin 200: 51-58.

Kirschbaum, M.U.F. 2004. Direct and indirect climate change effects on photosynthesis and transpiration. Plant Biology 6: 242-253.

Klavins, M., Briede, A., Rodinov, V., Kokorite, I. and Frisk, T. 2002. Long-term changes of the river runoff in Latvia. Boreal Environmental Research 7: 447-456.

Klingbjer, P. and Moberg, A. 2003. A composite monthly temperature record from Tornedalen in northern Sweden, 1802-2002. International Journal of Climatology 23: 1465-1494.

Klotzbach, P.J. and Gray, W.M. 2008. Multidecadal variability in North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. Journal of Climate 21: 3929-3935.

Knapp, P.A., Grissino-Mayer, H.D. and Soule, P.T. 2002. Climatic regionalization and the spatio-temporal occurrence of extreme single-year drought events (1500-1998) in the interior Pacific Northwest, USA. Quaternary Research 58: 226-233.

Knox, J.C. 2001. Agricultural influence on landscape sensitivity in the Upper Mississippi River Valley. Catena 42: 193-224.

Knutson, T., Tuleya, R. and Kurihara, Y. 1998. Simulated increase of hurricane intensities in a CO2-warmed climate. Science 279: 1018-1020.

Knutson, T.R. and Tuleya, R.E. 2004. Impact of CO2-induced warming on simulated hurricane intensity and precipitation: Sensitivity to the choice of climate model and convective parameterization. Journal of Climate 17: 3477-3495.

Knutson, T.R., Siutis, J.J., Garner, S.T., Vecchi, G.A. and Held, I.M. 2008. Simulated reduction in Atlantic hurricane frequency under twenty-first-century warming conditions. Nature Geoscience 10.1038/ngeo202.

Krabill, W., Hanna, E., Huybrechts, P., Abdalati, W., Cappelen, J., Csatho, B., Frederick, E., Manizade, S., Martin, C., Sonntag, J., Swift, R., Thomas, R. and Yungel, J. 2004. Greenland Ice Sheet: Increased coastal thinning. Geophysical Research Letters 31: 10.1029/2004GL021533.

Kubota, H. and Chan, J.C.L. 2009. Interdecadal variability of tropical cyclone landfall in the Philippines from 1902 to 2005. Geophysical Research Letters 36: 10.1029/2009GL038108.

Kullman, L. 2007. Long-term geobotanical observations of climate change impacts in the Scandes of West-Central Sweden. Nordic Journal of Botany 24: 445-467.

Kumaraguru, A.K., Jayakumar, K. and Ramakritinan, C.M. 2003. Coral bleaching 2002 in the Palk Bay, southeast coast of India. Current Science 85: 1787-1793.

Kunkel, K.E. 2003. North American trends in extreme precipitation. Natural Hazards 29: 291-305.

Kyei-Boahen, S., Astatkie, T., Lada, R., Gordon, R. and Caldwell, C. 2003. Gas exchange of carrot leaves in response to elevated CO2 concentration. Photosynthetica 41: 597-603.

Kyle, J.L. and Harris, E. 2008. Global spread and persistence of dengue. Annual Review of Microbiology 62: 71-92.

Lafferty, K.D. 2009a. The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases. Ecology 90: 888-900.

Lafferty, K.D. 2009b. Calling for an ecological approach to studying climate change and infectious diseases. Ecology 90: 932-933.

Laird, K.R., Cumming, B.F., Wunsam, S., Rusak, J.A., Oglesby, R.J., Fritz, S.C. and Leavitt, P.R. 2003. Lake sediments record large-scale shifts in moisture regimes across the northern prairies of North America during the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 2483-2488.

Laird, K.R., Fritz, S.C. and Cumming, B.F. 1998. A diatom-based reconstruction of drought intensity, duration, and frequency from Moon Lake, North Dakota: a sub-decadal record of the last 2300 years. Journal of Paleolimnology 19: 161-179.

Lamb, H.H. 1979. Climatic variations and changes in the wind and ocean circulation. Quaternary Research 11: 1-20.

Lamb, H.H. 1995. Climate, History and the Modern World. Routledge, London, UK.

Lanciotti, R.S., Roehrig, J.T., Deubel, V., Smith, J., Parker, M., Steele, K., Crise, B., Volpe, K.E., Crabtree, M.B., Scherret, J.H., Hall, R.A., MacKenzie, J.S., Cropp, C.B., Panigrahy, B., Ostlund, E., Schmitt, B., Malkinson, M., Banet, C., Weissman, J., Komar, N., Savage, H.M.,Stone, W., McNamara, T. and Gubler, D.J. 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286: 2333-2337.

Landsea, C.W., Pielke Jr., R.A., Mestas-Nunez, A.M. and Knaff, J.A. 1999. Atlantic basin hurricanes: Indices of climatic changes. Climatic Change 42: 89-129.

Lapenis, A., Shvidenko, A., Shepaschenko, D., Nilsson, S. and Aiyyer, A. 2005. Acclimation of Russian forests to recent changes in climate. Global Change Biology 11: 2090-2102.

Laschewski, G. and Jendritzky, G. 2002. Effects of the thermal environment on human health: an investigation of 30 years of daily mortality data from SW Germany. Climate Research 21: 91-103.

Lau, K.M., Shen, S.S.P., Kim, K.-M. and Wang, H. 2006. A multimodel study of the twentieth-century simulations of Sahel drought from the 1970s to 1990s. Journal of Geophysical Research 111: 10.1029/2005JD006281.

Lavers, D., Luo, L. and Wood, E.F. 2009. A multiple model assessment of seasonal climate forecast skill for applications. Geophysical Research Letters 36: 10.1029/2009GL041365.

Law, B.J., Carbonell-Estrany, X. and Simoes, E.A.F. 2002. An update on respiratory syncytial virus epidemiology: a developed country perspective. Respiratory Medicine Supplement B 96: S1-S2.

Lawson, B.D. 2003. Trends in blizzards at selected locations on the Canadian prairies. Natural Hazards 29: 123-138.

Le Roux, P.C. and McGeoch, M.A. 2008. Rapid range expansion and community reorganization in response to warming. Global Change Biology 14: 2950-2962.

Leavitt, S.W., Idso, S.B., Kimball, B.A., Burns, J.M., Sinha, A. and Stott, L. 2003. The effect of long-term atmospheric CO2 enrichment on the intrinsic water-use efficiency of sour orange trees. Chemosphere 50: 217-222.

LeCain, D.R. and Morgan, J.A. 1998. Growth, gas exchange, leaf nitrogen and carbohydrate concentrations in NAD-ME and NADP-ME C4 grasses grown in elevated CO2. Physiologia Plantarum 102: 297-306.

Lei, X. 2001. The precision analysis of the best positioning on WNP TC. Journal of Tropical Meteorology 17: 65-70.

Lele, U. 2010. Food security for a billion poor. Science 326: 1554.

Lemoine, N., Bauer, H.-G., Peintinger, M. and Bohning-Gaese, K. 2007. Effects of climate and land-use change on species abundance in a central European bird community. Conservation Biology 21: 495-503.

LeQuere, C., Rodenbeck, C., Buitenhuis, E.T., Conway, T.J., Langenfelds, R., Gomez, A., Labuschagne, C., Ramonet, M., Nakazawa, T., Metzl, N., Gillett, N. and Heimann, M. 2007. Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink due to recent climate change. Science 316: 1735-1738.

Leshner, A. 2002. Science and sustainability. Science 297: 897.

Lewis, C.L. and Coffroth, M.A. 2004. The acquisition of exogenous algal symbionts by an octocoral after bleaching. Science 304: 1490-1492.

Lewis, S.L., Lloyd, J., Sitch, S., Mitchard, E.T.A. and Laurance, W.F. 2009a. Changing ecology of tropical forests: Evidence and drivers. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 40: 529-549.

Lewis, S.L., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Sonke, B., Affum-Baffoe, K., Baker, T.R., Ojo, L.O., Phillips, O.L., Reitsma, J.M., White, L., Comiskey, J.A., Djuikouo K., M.-N., Ewango, C.E.N., Feldpausch, T.R., Hamilton, A.C., Gloor, M., Hart, T., Hladik, A., Lloyd, J., Lovett, J.C., Makana, J.-R., Malhi, Y., Mbago, F.M., Ndangalasi, H.J., Peacock, J., Peh, K. S.-H., Sheil, D., Sunderland, T., Swaine, M.D., Taplin, J., Taylor, D., Thomas, S.C., Votere, R. and Woll, H. 2009b. Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests. Nature 457: 1003-1006.

Leymarie, J., Lasceve, G. and Vavasseur, A. 1999. Elevated CO2 enhances stomatal responses to osmotic stress and abscisic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant, Cell and Environment 22: 301-308.

Li, H., Robock, A. and Wild, M. 2007. Evaluation of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment soil moisture simulations for the second half of the twentieth century. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: 10.1029/2006JD007455.

Lien, Y.-T., Nakano, Y., Plathong, S., Fukami, H., Wang, J.-T. and Chen, C.A. 2007. Occurrence of the putatively heat-tolerant Symbiodinium phylotype D in high-latitudinal outlying coral communities. Coral Reefs 26: 35-44.

Lim, C., Kafatos, M. and Megonigal, P. 2004. Correlation between atmospheric CO2 concentration and vegetation greenness in North America: CO2 fertilization effect. Climate Research 28: 11-22.

Linderholm, H.W. and Chen, D. 2005. Central Scandinavian winter precipitation variability during the past five centuries reconstructed from Pinus sylvestris tree rings. Boreas 34: 44-52.

Linderholm, H.W. and Molin, T. 2005. Early nineteenth century drought in east central Sweden inferred from dendrochronological and historical archives. Climate Research 29: 63-72.

Lindstrom, G. and Bergstrom, S. 2004. Runoff trends in Sweden 1807-2002. Hydrological Sciences Journal 49: 69-83.

Lins, H.F. and Slack, J.R. 1999. Streamflow trends in the United States. Geophysical Research Letters 26: 227-230.

Little, A.F., van Oppen, M.J.H. and Willis, B.L. 2004. Flexibility in algal endosymbioses shapes growth in reef corals. Science 304: 1492-1494.

Liu, C.-M., Qian, Z.-A., Wu, M.-C., Song, M.-H. And Liu, J.-T. 2004. A composite study of the synoptic differences between major and minor dust storm springs over the China-Mongolia areas. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 15: 999-1018.

Liu, X., Shao, X., Liang, E., Zhao, L., Chen, T., Qin, D. and Ren J. 2007. Species-dependent responses of juniper and spruce to increasing CO2 concentration and to climate in semi-arid and arid areas of northwestern China. Plant Ecology 193: 195-209.

Ljungqvist, F.C. 2010. A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere during the last two millennia. Geografiska Annaler Series A 92: 339-351.

Llasat, M.-C., Barriendos, M., Barrera, A. and Rigo, T. 2005. Floods in Catalonia (NE Spain) since the 14th century. Climatological and meteorological aspects from historical documentary sources and old instrumental records. Journal of Hydrology 313: 32-47.

Lodge, R.J., Dijkstra, P., Drake, B.G. and Morison, J.I.L. 2001. Stomatal acclimation to increased CO2 concentration in a Florida scrub oak species Quercus myrtifolia Willd. Plant, Cell and Environment 24: 77-88.

Loehle, C. 2009. A mathematical analysis of the divergence problem in dendroclimatology. Climatic Change 94: 233-245.

Lopatin, E., Kolstrom, T. and Spiecker, H. 2006. Determination of forest growth trends in Komi Republic (northwestern Russia): combination of tree-ring analysis and remote sensing data. Boreal Environment Research 11: 341-353.

Luthcke, S.B., Zwally, H.J., Abdalati, W., Rowlands, D.D., Ray, R.D., Nerem, R.S., Lemoine, F.G., McCarthy, J.J. and Chinn, D.S. 2006. Recent Greenland ice mass loss by drainage system from satellite gravity observations. Science 314: 1286-1289.

Ma, L.-p. and Chen, L.-s. 2009. The relationship between global warming and the variation in tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific. Journal of Tropical Meteorology 15: 38-44.

MacDonald, G.M. and Tingstad, A.H. 2007. Recent and multicentennial precipitation variability and drought occurrence in the Uinta Mountains region, Utah. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 39: 549-555.

MacDonald, G.M., Kremenetski, K.V. and Hidalgo, H.G. 2008. Southern California and the perfect drought: Simultaneous prolonged drought in Southern California and the Sacramento and Colorado River systems. Quaternary International 188: 11-23.

Macklin, M.G., Johnstone, E. and Lewin, J. 2005. Pervasive and long-term forcing of Holocene river instability and flooding in Great Britain by centennial-scale climate change. The Holocene 15: 937-943.

Maclean, I.M.D., Austin, G.E., Rehfisch, M.M., Blew, J., Crowe, O., Delany, S., Devos, K., Deceuninck, B., Gunther, K., Laursen, K., van Roomen, M. and Wahl, J. 2008. Climate change causes rapid changes in the distribution and site abundance of birds in winter. Global Change Biology 14: 2489-2500.

Magillian, F.J. and Goldstein, P.S. 2001. El Niño floods and culture change: A late Holocene flood history for the Rio Moquegua, southern Peru. Geology 29: 431-434.

Malamud-Roam, F.P., Ingram, B.L., Hughes, M. and Florsheim, J.L. 2006. Holocene paleoclimate records from a large California estuarine system and its watershed region: linking watershed climate and bay conditions. Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 1570-1598.

Malmstrom, C.M. and Field, C.B. 1997. Virus-induced differences in the response of oat plants to elevated carbon dioxide. Plant, Cell and Environment 20: 178-188.

Maloney, E.D. and Hartmann, D.L. 2000. Modulation of eastern North pacific hurricanes by the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate 13: 1451-1460.

Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S. and Hughes, M.K. 1998. Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries. Nature 392: 779-787.

Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S. and Hughes, M.K. 1999. Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters 26: 759-762.

Mann, M.E., Zhang, Z., Rutherford, S., Bradley, R.S., Hughes, M.K., Shindell, D., Ammann, C., Faluvegi, G. and Ni, F. 2009. Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science 326: 1256-1260.

Mao, J., Wang, B. and Yongjiu, D. 2009. Sensitivity of the carbon storage of potential vegetation to historical climate variability and CO2 in continental China. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 26: 87-100.

Marengo, J.A. 2009. Long-term trends and cycles in the hydrometeorology of the Amazon basin since the late 1920s. Hydrological Processes 23: 3236-3244.

Marshall, P.A. and Baird, A.H. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa. Coral Reefs 19: 155-163.

Martinez-Vilalta, J., Lopez, B.C., Adell, N., Badiella, L. and Ninyerola, M. 2008. Twentieth century increase of Scots pine radial growth in NE Spain shows strong climate interactions. Global Change Biology 14: 2868-2881.

Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R. 2005. The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept. Geografiska Annaler 87A: 17-36.

Mauget, S.A. 2004. Low frequency streamflow regimes over the central United States: 1939-1998. Climatic Change 63: 121-144.

Mayewski, P.A., Rohling, E.E., Stager, J.C., Karlen, W., Maasch, K.A., Meeker, L.D., Meyerson, E.A., Gasse, F., van Kreveld, S., Holmgren, K., Lee-Thorp, J., Rosqvist, G. Rack, F., Staubwasser, M., Schneider, R.R. and Steig, E.J. 2004. Holocene climate variability. Quaternary Research 62: 243-255.

Maynard, J.A., Anthony, K.R.N., Marshall, P.A. and Masiri, I. 2008. Major bleaching events can lead to increased thermal tolerance in corals. Coral Reefs (Berlin) 155: 173-182.

Meadows, D.H. 2001. Polar bears and 3-year-olds on thin ice. AlterNet.org. Posted 6 February 2001.

Meeker, L.D. and Mayewski, P.A. 2002. A 1400-year high-resolution record of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and Asia. The Holocene 12: 257-266.

Meko, D.M., Woodhouse, C.A., Baisan, C.A., Knight, T., Lukas, J.J., Hughes, M.K. and Salzer, M.W. 2007. Medieval drought in the upper Colorado River Basin. Geophysical Research Letters 34: 10.1029/2007GL029988.

Mensing, S.A., Benson, L.V., Kashgarian, M. and Lund, S. 2004. A Holocene pollen record of persistent droughts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA. Quaternary Research 62: 29-38.

Mernild, S.H., Kane, D.L., Hansen, B.U., Jakobsen, B.H., Hasholt, B. and Knudsen, N.T. 2008. Climate, glacier mass balance and runoff (1993-2005) for the Mittivakkat Glacier catchment, Ammassalik Island, SE Greenland, and in a long term perspective (1898-1993). Hydrology Research 39: 239-256.

Meroc, E., Faes, C., Herr, C., Staubach, C., Verheyden, B., Vanbinst, T., Vandenbussche, F., Hooyberghs, J., Aerts, M., De Clercq, K. and Mintiens, K. 2008. Establishing the spread of bluetongue virus at the end of the 2006 epidemic in Belgium. Veterinary Microbiology 131: 133-144.

Meurisse, M., van Vliet-Lanoe, B., Talon, B. and Recourt, P. 2005. Complexes dunaires et tourbeux holocenes du littoral du Nord de la France. Comptes Rendus Geosciences 337: 675-684.

Mieog, J.C., van Oppen, M.J.H., Cantin, N.E., Stam, W.T. and Olsen, J.L. 2007. Real-time PCR reveals a high incidence of Symbiodinium clade D at low levels in four scleractinian corals across the Great Barrier Reef: implications for symbiont shuffling. Coral Reefs 26: 449-457.

Millar, C.I. and Westfall, R.D. 2010. Distribution and climatic relationships of the American Pika (Ochotona princeps) in the Sierra Nevada and Western Great Basin, U.S.A.; periglacial landforms as refugia in warming climates. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 42: 76-88.

Moberg, A., Sonechkin, K.M., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, N.M. and Karlen, W. 2005. Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data. Nature 433: 613-617.

Molnar, P. and Ramirez, J.A. 2001. Recent trends in precipitation and streamflow in the Rio Puerco Basin. Journal of Climate 14: 2317-2328.

Monroe, A.P., Hallinger, K.K., Brasso, R.L. and Cristol, D.A. 2008. Occurrence and implications of double brooding in a southern population of tree swallows. The Condor 110: 382-386.

Moore, L.A. and Field, C.B. 2006. The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on the amount and depth distribution of plant water uptake in a California annual grassland. Global Change Biology 12: 578-587.

Moretti, G. 1969. [African trypanosomiasis detected in France: Difficulties of diagnosis]. Presse Medicale 77(41):1404.

Morgan, J.A., LeCain, D.R., Mosier, A.R. and Milchunas, D.G. 2001. Elevated CO2 enhances water relations and productivity and affects gas exchange in C3 and C4 grasses of the Colorado shortgrass steppe. Global Change Biology 7: 451-466.

Mu, Q., Zhao, M., Running, S.W., Liu, M. and Tian, H. 2008. Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate change to the carbon cycle in China's ecosystems. Journal of Geophysical Research 113: 10.1029/2006JG000316.

Mudelsee, M., Borngen, M., Tetzlaff, G. and Grunewald, U. 2003. No upward trends in the occurrence of extreme floods in central Europe. Nature 425: 166-169.

Mudelsee, M., Borngen, M., Tetzlaff, G. and Grunewald, U. 2004. Extreme floods in central Europe over the past 500 years: Role of cyclone pathway "Zugstrasse Vb." Journal of Geophysical Research 109: 10.1029/2004JD005034.

Mumby, P.J. 1999. Bleaching and hurricane disturbances to populations of coral recruits in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series 190: 27-35.

Natural Resources Defense Council. 2009. Acid Test: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification. http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/aboutthefilm.asp.

Nelson, J.A., Morgan, J.A., LeCain, D.R., Mosier, A.R., Milchunas, D.G. and Parton, B.A. 2004. Elevated CO2 increases soil moisture and enhances plant water relations in a long-term field study in semi-arid shortgrass steppe of Colorado. Plant and Soil 259: 169-179.

Nemani, R.R., Keeling, C.D., Hashimoto, H., Jolly, W.M., Piper, S.C., Tucker, C.J., Myneni, R.B. and Running. S.W. 2003. Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science 300: 1560-1563.

Nesje, A., Dahl, S.O., Matthews, J.A. and Berrisford, M.S. 2001. A ~4500-yr record of river floods obtained from a sediment core in Lake Atnsjoen, eastern Norway. Journal of Paleolimnology 25: 329-342.

Newton, P.C.D., Carran, R.A. and Lawrence, E.J. 2003. Reduced water repellency of a grassland soil under elevated atmospheric CO2. Global Change Biology 10: 1-4.

Ni, F., Cavazos, T., Hughes, M.K., Comrie, A.C. and Funkhouser, G. 2002. Cool-season precipitation in the southwestern USA since AD 1000: Comparison of linear and nonlinear techniques for reconstruction. International Journal of Climatology 22: 1645-1662.

Nicholson, S.E. 2001. Climatic and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries. Climate Research 17: 123-144.

Nick, F.M., Vieli, A., Howat, I.M. and Joughin, I. 2009. Large-scale changes in Greenland outlet glacier dynamics triggered at the terminus. Nature Geoscience 2: 10.1038/NGEO394.

Niklaus, P.A. and Korner, C. 2004. Synthesis of a six-year study of calcareous grassland responses to in situ CO2 enrichment. Ecological Monographs 74: 491-511.

Niklaus, P.A., Spinnler, D. and Korner, C. 1998. Soil moisture dynamics of calcareous grassland under elevated CO2. Oecologia 117: 201-208.

Nolan, D.S. and Rappin, E.D. 2008. Increased sensitivity of tropical cyclogenesis to wind shear in higher SST environments. Geophysical Research Letters 35: 10.1029/2008GL034147.

Nolan, D.S., Rappin, E.D. and Emanuel, K.A. 2007. Tropical cyclogenesis sensitivity to environmental parameters in radiative-convective equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 133: 2085-2107.

Noren, A.J., Bierman, P.R., Steig, E.J., Lini, A. and Southon, J. 2002. Millennial-scale storminess variability in the northeastern Unites States during the Holocene epoch. Nature 419: 821-824.

Norment, C.J., Hall, A. and Hendricks, P. 1999. Important bird and mammal records in the Thelon River Valley, Northwest Territories: Range expansions and possible causes. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 113: 375-385.

Nyberg, J., Malmgren, B.A., Winter, A., Jury, M.R., Kilbourne, K.H. and Quinn, T.M. 2007. Low Atlantic hurricane activity in the 1970s and 1980s compared to the past 270 years. Nature 447: 698-702.

O'Brien, S.R., Mayewski, P.A., Meeker, L.D., Meese, D.A., Twickler, M.S. and Whitlow, S.E. 1995. Complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland ice core. Science 270: 1962-1964.

O'Gorman, P.A. and Schneider, T. 2009. The physical basis for increases in precipitation extremes in simulations of 21st-century climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 106: 14,773-14,777.

Obrist, D., Verburg, P.S.J., Young, M.H., Coleman, J.S., Schorran, D.E. and Arnone, J.A. 2003. Quantifying the effects of phenology on ecosystem evapotranspiration in planted grassland mesocosms using EcoCell technology. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 118: 173-183.

Ogilvie, A.E.J. and Jonsson, T. 2001. "Little Ice Age" research: a perspective from Iceland. Climatic Change 48: 9-52.

Ogrin, D. 2007. Severe storms and their effects in sub-Mediterranean Slovenia from the 14th to the mid-19th century. Acta Geographica Slovenia 47: 7-24.

Olivo, N., Martinez, C.A. and Oliva, M.A. 2002. The photosynthetic response to elevated CO2 in high altitude potato species (Solanum curtilobum). Photosynthetica 40: 309-313.

Olsen, J.R., Stedinger, J.R., Matalas, N.C. and Stakhiv, E.Z. 1999. Climate variability and flood frequency estimation for the Upper Mississippi and Lower Missouri Rivers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35: 1509-1523.

Olsson, L., Eklundh, L. and Ardo, J. 2005. A recent greening of the Sahel - trends, patterns and potential causes. Journal of Arid Environments 63: 556-566.

Oppo, D. 1997. Millennial climate oscillations. Science 278: 1244-1246.

Osborn, T.J. and Briffa, K.R. 2004. The real color of climate change? Science 306: 621-622.

Osborne, C.P., Mitchell, P.L., Sheehy, J.E. and Woodward, F.I. 2000. Modellng the recent historical impacts of atmospheric CO2 and climate change on Mediterranean vegetation. Global Change Biology 6: 445-458.

Ostfeld, R.S. 2009. Climate change and the distribution and intensity of infectious diseases. Ecology 90: 903-905.

Ott, S. 2006. Extreme Winds in the Western North Pacific. Rep. Rise-R-1544(EN), Riso National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, 37 p.

Overpeck, J., Hughen, K., Hardy, D., Bradley, R., Case, R., Douglas, M., Finney, B., Gajewski, K., Jacoby, G., Jennings, A., Lamoureux, S., Lasca, A., MacDonald, G., Moore, J., Retelle, M., Smith, S., Wolfe, A. and Zielinski, G. 1997. Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries. Science 278: 1251-1256.

Owensby, C.E., Coyne, P.I., Ham, J.H., Auen, L.M. and Knapp, A.K. 1993. Biomass production in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem exposed to ambient and elevated CO2. Ecological Applications 3: 644-653.

Owensby, C.E., Ham, J.M., Knapp, A.K. and Auen, L.M. 1999. Biomass production and species composition change in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem after long-term exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2. Global Change Biology 5: 497-506.

Page, M.J., Trustrum, N.A., Orpin, A.R., Carter, L., Gomez, B., Cochran, U.A., Mildenhall, D.C., Rogers, K.M., Brackley, H.L., Palmer, A.S. and Northcote, L. 2010. Storm frequency and magnitude in response to Holocene climate variability, Lake Tutira, North-Eastern New Zealand. Marine Geology 270: 30-44.

Pan, Y., Birdsey, R., Hom, J. and McCullough, K. 2010. Separating effects of changes in atmospheric composition, climate and land-use on carbon sequestration of U.S. Mid-Atlantic temperate forests. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 151-164.

Pandolfi, J.M. 1999. Response of Pleistocene coral reefs to environmental change over long temporal scales. American Zoologist 39: 113-130.

Panin, A.V. and Nefedov, V.S. 2010. Analysis of variations in the regime of rivers and lakes in the Upper Volga and Upper Zapadnaya Dvina based on archaeological-geomorphological data. Water Resources 37: 16-32.

Parmesan, C., Ryrholm, N., Stefanescu, C., Hill, J.K., Thomas, C.D., Descimon, H., Huntley, B., Kaila, L., Kullberg, J., Tammaru, T., Tennent, W.J., Thomas, J.A. and Warren, M. 1999. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399: 579-583.

Pascual, M. and Bouma, M.J. 2009. Do rising temperatures matter? Ecology 90: 906-931.

Pauli, H., Gottfried, M. and Grabherr, G. 2001. High summits of the Alps in a changing climate. The oldest observation series on high mountain plant diversity in Europe. In: Walther, G.R., Burga, C.A. and Edwards, P.J. (Eds.) Fingerprints of climate change - Adapted behaviour and shifting species ranges. Kluwer Academic Publisher, New York, New York, USA, pp. 139-149.

Pauli, H., Gottfried, M., Reiter, K., Klettner, C. and Grabherr, G. 2007. Signals of range expansions and contractions of vascular plants in the high Alps: observations (1994-2004) at the GLORIA master site Schrankogel, Tyrol, Austria. Global Change Biology 13: 147-156.

Paulsen, D.E., Li, H.-C. and Ku, T.-L. 2003. Climate variability in central China over the last 1270 years revealed by high-resolution stalagmite records. Quaternary Science Reviews 22: 691-701.

Pearson, R.G. and Dawson, T.P. 2003. Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: Are bioclimate envelope models useful? Global Ecology and Biogeography 12: 361-371.

Peterson, A.G. and Neofotis, P.G. 2004. A hierarchial analysis of the interactive effects of elevated CO2 and water availability on the nitrogen and transpiration productivities of velvet mesquite seedlings. Oecologia 141: 629-640.

Petit, J.R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N.I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M.., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V.M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V.Y., Lorius, C., Pepin, L., Ritz, C., Saltzman, E. and Stievenard, M. 1999. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399: 429-436.

Pfister, C., Weingartner, R. and Luterbacher, J. 2006. Hydrological winter droughts over the last 450 years in the Upper Rhine basin: a methodological approach. Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques 51: 966-985.

Philipp, M. and Petersen, P.M. 2007. Long-term study of dry matter allocation and rhizome growth in Anemone nemorosa. Plant Species Biology 22: 23-31.

Piao, S., Fang, J. and He, J. 2006a. Variations in vegetation net primary production in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China, from 1982-1999. Climatic Change 74: 253-267.

Piao, S., Fang, J., Liu, H. and Zhu, B. 2005a. NDVI-indicated decline in desertification in China in the past two decades. Geophysical Research Letters 32: 10.1029/2004GL021764.

Piao, S., Fang, J., Zhou, L., Tan, K. and Tao, S. 2007. Changes in biomass carbon stocks in China's grasslands between 1982 and 1999. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21: 10.1029/2005GB002634.

Piao, S., Fang, J., Zhou, L., Zhu, B., Tan, K. and Tao, S. 2005b. Changes in vegetation net primary productivity from 1982 to 1999 in China. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19: 10.1029/2004GB002274.

Piao, S., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Zhou, L. and Chen, A. 2006c. Effect of climate and CO2 changes on the greening of the Northern Hemisphere over the past two decades. Geophysical Research Letters 33: 10.1029/2006GL028205.

Piao, S., Mohammat, A., Fang, J., Cai, Q. and Feng, J. 2006b. NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China. Global Environmental Change 16: 340-348.

Pielke Jr., R.A. and Landsea, C.W. 1998. Normalized hurricane damages in the United States: 1925-95. Weather Forecasting 13: 621-631.

Pielke Jr., R.A., Gratz, J., Landsea, C.W., Collins, D., Saunders, M. and Musulin, R. 2008. Normalized hurricane damages in the United States: 1900-2005. Natural Hazards Review 9: 29-42.

Pinker, R.T. and Laszlo, I. 1991. Modeling surface solar irradiance for satellite applications on a global scale. Journal of Applied Meteorology 31: 194-211.

Pinter, N., Jemberie, A.A., Remo, J.W.F., Heine, R.A. and Ickes, B.S. 2008. Flood trends and river engineering on the Mississippi River system. Geophysical Research Letters 35: 10.1029/2008GL035987.

Pirazzoli, P.A. 2000. Surges, atmospheric pressure and wind change and flooding probability on the Atlantic coast of France. Oceanologica Acta 23: 643-661.

Pochon, X., Garcia-Cuetos, L., Baker, A.C., Castella, E. and Pawlowski, J. 2007. One-year survey of a single Micronesian reef reveals extraordinarily rich diversity of Symbiodinium types in soritid foraminifera. Coral Reefs 26: 867-882.

Pockely, P. 2001. Climate change transforms island ecosystem. Nature 410: 616.

Podesta, G.P. and Glynn, P.W. 2001. The 1997-98 El Niño event in Panama and Galapagos: an update of thermal stress indices relative to coral bleaching. Bulletin of Marine Science 69: 43-59.

Polyakov, I.V., Bekryaev, R.V., Alekseev, G.V., Bhatt, U.S., Colony, R.L., Johnson, M.A., Maskshtas, A.P. and Walsh, D. 2003. Variability and trends of air temperature and pressure in the maritime Arctic, 1875-2000. Journal of Climate 16: 2067-2077.

Pretty, J.N., Morison, J.I.L. and Hine, R.E. 2003. Reducing food poverty by increasing agricultural sustainability in developing countries. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 95: 217-234.

Prince, S.D., Brown De Colstoun, E. and Kravitz, L.L. 1998. Evidence from rain-use efficiencies does not indicate extensive Sahelian desertification. Global Change Biology 4: 359-374.

Proctor, C.J., Baker, A., Barnes, W.L. and Gilmour, M.A. 2000. A thousand year speleothem record of North Atlantic climate from Scotland. Climate Dynamics 16: 815-820.

Qian, W.-H., Quan, L.-S. and Shi, S.-Y. 2002. Variations of the dust storm in China and its climatic control. Journal of Climate 15: 1216-1229.

Quiring, S.M. 2004. Growing-season moisture variability in the eastern USA during the last 800 years. Climate Research 27: 9-17.

Raicich, F. 2003. Recent evolution of sea-level extremes at Trieste (Northern Adriatic). Continental Shelf Research 23: 225-235.

Ramillien, G., Lombard, A., Cazenave, A., Ivins, E.R., Llubes, M., Remy, F. and Biancale, R. 2006. Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE. Global and Planetary Change 53: 198-208.

Randall, D., Khairoutdinov, M. Arakawa, A. and Grabowski, W. 2003. Breaking the cloud parameterization deadlock. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 84: 1547-1564.

Randin, C.F., Engler, R., Normand, S., Zappa, M., Zimmermann, N.E., Pearman, P.B., Vittoz, P., Thuiller, W. and Guisan, A. 2009. Climate change and plant distribution: local models predict high-elevation persistence. Global Change Biology 15: 1557-1569.

Randolph, S.E. 2004. Evidence that climate change has caused 'emergence' of tick-borne diseases in Europe? International Journal of Medical Microbiology 293 (Supplement 37): 5-15.

Randolph, S.E. 2009. Perspectives on climate change impacts on infectious diseases. Ecology 90: 927-931.

Rasmussen, J.B.T., Polyak, V.J. and Asmerom, Y. 2006. Evidence for Pacific-modulated precipitation variability during the late Holocene from the southwestern USA. Geophysical Research Letters 33: 10.1029/2006GL025714.

Raven, M.J., Noble, D.G. and Baillie, S.R. 2005. The Breeding Bird Survey 2004. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, UK.

Raven, P.H. 2002. Science, sustainability, and the human prospect. Science 297: 954-959.

Rayner, N.A., Brohan, P., Parker, D.E., Folland, C.K., Kennedy, J.J., Vanicek, M., Ansell, T. and Tett, S.F.B. 2006. Improved analyses of changes and uncertainties in marine temperature measured in situ since the mid-nineteenth century: the HadSST2 dataset. Journal of Climate 19: 446-469.

Reich, P.B., Tilman, D., Craine, J., Ellsworth, D., Tjoelker, M.G., Knops, J., Wedin, D., Naeem, S., Bahauddin, D., Goth, J., Bengtson, W. and Lee, T.A. 2001. Do species and functional groups differ in acquisition and use of C, N and water under varying atmospheric CO2 and N availability regimes? A field test with 16 grassland species. New Phytologist 150: 435-448.

Rein, B., Luckge, A. and Sirocko, F. 2004. A major Holocene ENSO anomaly during the Medieval period. Geophysical Research Letters 31: 10.1029/2004GL020161.

Reiter, P. 1998. Aedes albopictus and the world trade in used tires, 1988-1995: The shape of things to come? Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 14: 83-94.

Reiter, P. 2010. West Nile virus in Europe: understanding the present to gauge the future. Eurosurveillance 15: eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?Articleid=19508.

Reiter, P. 2001. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environmental Health Perspectives 109: 141-161.

Reiter, P. and Sprenger, D. 1987. The used tire trade: a mechanism for the worldwide dispersal of container breeding mosquitoes. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 3: 494-501.

Reiter, P., Lathrop, S., Bunning, M., Biggerstaff, B., Singer, D., Tiwari, T., Baber, L., Amador, M., Thirion, J., Hayes, J., Seca, C., Mendez, J., Ramirez, B., Robinson, J., Rawlings, J., Vorndam, V., Waterman, S., Gubler, D., Clark, G. and Hayes, E. 2003. Texas lifestyle limits transmission of dengue virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9: 86-89.

Renard, B., Lang, M., Bois, P., Dupeyrat, A., Mestre, O., Niel, H., Sauquet, E., Prudhomme, C., Parey, S., Paquet, E., Neppel. L. and Gailhard, J. 2008. Regional methods for trend detection: Assessing field significance and regional consistency. Water Resources Research 44: 10.1029/2007WR006268.

Rey, A. and Jarvis, P.G. 1998. Long-Term photosynthetic acclimation to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration in young birch (Betula pendula) trees. Tree Physiology 18: 441-450.

Riegl, B. 1999. Corals in a non-reef setting in the southern Arabian Gulf (Dubai, UAE): fauna and community structure in response to recurring mass mortality. Coral Reefs 18: 63-73.

Riegl, B. 2002. Effects of the 1996 and 1998 positive sea-surface temperature anomalies on corals, coral diseases and fish in the Arabian Gulf (Dubai, UAE). Coral Reefs (Berlin) 140: 29-40.

Riegl, B. 2003. Climate change and coral reefs: different effects in two high-latitude areas (Arabian Gulf, South Africa). Coral Reefs 22: 433-446.

Rignot, E. and Kanagaratnam, P. 2005. Changes in the velocity structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Science 311: 986-990.

Roald, L.A. 1999. Analyse av lange flomserier. HYDRA-rapport no. F01, NVE, Oslo, Norway.

Roberts, D.A., Hofman, G.E. and Somero, G.N. 1997. Heat-shock protein expression in Mytilus californianus: Acclimatization (seasonal and tidal height comparisons) and acclimation effects. Biological Bulletin 192: 309-320.

Robock, A., Mu, M., Vinnikov, K., Trofimova, I.V. and Adamenko, T.I. 2005. Forty-five years of observed soil moisture in the Ukraine: No summer desiccation (yet). Geophysical Research Letters 32: 10.1029/2004GL021914.

Rohani, P. 2009. The link between dengue incidence and El Niño Southern Oscillation. PLoS Medicine 6: e1000185.

Rombouts, I., Beaugrand, G., Ibanez, F., Gasparini, S., Chiba, S. and Legendre, L. 2009. Global latitudinal variations in marine copepod diversity and environmental factors. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276: 3053-3062.

Romero-Vadillo, E., Zaytsev, O. and Morales-Perez, R. 2007. Tropical cyclone statistics in the northeastern Pacific. Atmosfera 20: 197-213.

Roumet, C., Garnier, E., Suzor, H., Salager, J.-L. and Roy, J. 2000. Short and long-term responses of whole-plant gas exchange to elevated CO2 in four herbaceous species. Environmental and Experimental Botany 43: 155-169.

Rowan, R. 2004. Thermal adaptation in reef coral symbionts. Nature 430: 742.

Rowan, R. and Knowlton, N. 1995. Intraspecific diversity and ecological zonation in coral-algal symbiosis. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92: 2850-2853.

Rowan, R. and Powers, D. 1991. Molecular genetic identification of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 71: 65-73.

Rowan, R., Knowlton, N., Baker, A. and Jara, J. 1997. Landscape ecology of algal symbionts creates variation in episodes of coral bleaching. Nature 388: 265-269.

Runion, G.B., Mitchell, R.J., Green, T.H., Prior, S.A., Rogers, H.H. and Gjerstad, D.H. 1999. Longleaf pine photosynthetic response to soil resource availability and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of Environmental Quality 28: 880-887.

Russell, J.M. and Johnson, T.C. 2005. A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 24: 1375-1389.

Russell, R.C. 2009. Mosquito-borne disease and climate change in Australia: time for a reality check. Australian Journal of Entomology 48: 1-7.

Russell, R.C., Currie, B.J., Lindsay, M.D., Mackenzie, J.S., Ritchie, S.A. and Whelan, P.I. 2009. Dengue and climate change in Australia: predictions for the future should incorporate knowledge from the past. Medical Journal of Australia 190: 265-268.

Russell-Smith, J., Stanton, P.J., Edwards, A.C. and Whitehead, P.J. 2004. Rain forest invasion of eucalypt-dominated woodland savanna, Iron Range, north-eastern Australia: II. Rates of landscape change. Journal of Biogeography 31: 1305-1316.

Rutherford, S., D'Hondt, S. and Prell, W. 1999. Environmental controls on the geographic distribution of zooplankton diversity. Nature 400: 749-753.

Sabatier, P., Dezileau, L., Condomines, M., Briqueu, L., Colin, C., Bouchette, F., Le Duff, M. and Blanchemanche, P. 2008. Reconstruction of paleostorm events in a coastal lagoon (Herault, South of France). Marine Geology 251: 224-232.

Saegerman, C., Berkvens, D. and Mellor, P.S. 2008. Bluetongue epidemiology in the European Union. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14: 539-544.

Saleska, S.R., Didan, K., Huete, A.R. and da Rocha, H.R. 2007. Amazon forests green-up during 2005 drought. Science 318: 612.

Sanchez-Guerrero, M.C., Lorenzo, P., Medrano, E., Baille, A. and Castilla, N. 2009. Effects of EC-based irrigation scheduling and CO2 enrichment on water use efficiency of a greenhouse cucumber crop. Agricultural Water Management 96: 429-436.

Saurer, M., Siegwolf, R.T.W. and Schweingruber, F.H. 2004. Carbon isotope discrimination indicates improving water-use efficiency of trees in northern Eurasia over the last 100 years. Global Change Biology 10: 2109-2120.

Saxe, H., Ellsworth, D.S. and Heath, J. 1998. Tree and forest functioning in an enriched CO2 atmosphere. New Phytologist 139: 395-436.

Schimel, D.S., House, J.I., Hibbard, J.I., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Peylin, P., Braswell, B.H., Apps, M.J., Baker, D., Bondeau, A., Canadell, J., Churkina, G., Cramer, W., Denning, A.S., Field, C.B., Friedlingstein, P., Goodale, C., Heimann, M., Houghton, R.A., Melillo, J.M., Moore III, B., Murdiyarso, D., Noble, I., Pacala, S.W., Prentice, I.C., Raupach, M.R., Rayner, P.J., Scholes, R.J., Steffen, W.L. and Wirth, C. 2001. Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 414: 169-172.

Schimmelmann, A., Lange, C.B. and Meggers, B.J. 2003. Palaeoclimatic and archaeological evidence for a 200-yr recurrence of floods and droughts linking California, Mesoamerica and South America over the past 2000 years. The Holocene 13: 763-778.

Seager, R. 2007. The turn of the century North American drought: Global context, dynamics, and past analogs. Journal of Climate 20: 5527-5552.

Seager, R., Kushnir, Y., Herweijer, C., Naik, N. and Velez, J. 2005. Modeling of tropical forcing of persistent droughts and pluvials over western North America: 1856-2000. Journal of Climate 18: 4068-4091.

Seaquist, J.W., Olsson, L., Ardo, J. and Eklundh, L. 2006. Broad-scale increase in NPP quantified for the African Sahel, 1982-1999. International Journal of Remote Sensing 27: 5115-5122.

Seneweera, S.P., Ghannoum, O. and Conroy, J. 1998. High vapor pressure deficit and low soil water availability enhance shoot growth responses of a C4 grass (Panicum coloratum cv. Bambatsi) to CO2 enrichment. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 25: 287-292.

Seoane, J. and Carrascal, L.M. 2008. Interspecific differences in population trends of Spanish birds are related to habitat and climatic preferences. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 111-121.

Shapley, M.D., Johnson, W.C., Engstrom, D.R. and Osterkamp, W.R. 2005. Late-Holocene flooding and drought in the Northern Great Plains, USA, reconstructed from tree rings, lake sediments and ancient shorelines. The Holocene 15: 29-41.

Sharp, V.A., Brown, B.E. and Miller, D. 1997. Heat shock protein (hsp 70) expression in the tropical reef coral Goniopora djiboutiensis. Journal of Thermal Biology 22: 11-19.

Sheffer, N.A. 2003. Paleoflood Hydrology of the Ardeche River, France. A Contribution to Flood Risk Assessment. M.Sc. Dissertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

Sheffer, N.A. 2005. Reconstructing the paleoclimate record using paleoflood hydrology as a proxy. Fifth Conference on Active Research, CARESS 2005. The Weitzmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Sheffer, N.A., Enzel, Y., Waldmann, N., Grodek, T. and Benito, G. 2003. Claim of largest flood on record proves false. EOS: Transactions, American Geophysical Union 84: 109.

Sheffer, N.A., Rico, M., Enzel, Y., Benito, G. and Grodek, T. 2008. The palaeoflood record of the Gardon River, France: A comparison with the extreme 2002 flood event. Geomorphology 98: 71-83.

Shepherd, A. and Wingham, D. 2007. Recent sea-level contributions of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets. Science 315: 1529-1532.

Silva, L.C.R., Anand, M., Oliveira, J.M. and Pillar, V.D. 2009. Past century changes in Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze water use efficiency and growth in forest and grassland ecosystems of southern Brazil: implications for forest expansion. Global Change Biology 15: 2387-2396.

Sime, L.C., Wolff, E.W., Oliver, K.I.C. and Tindall, J.C. 2009. Evidence for warmer interglacials in East Antarctic ice cores. Nature 462: 342-345.

Simmonds, I. and Keay, K. 2000. Variability of Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone behavior, 1958-97. Journal of Climate 13: 550-561.

Sindhoj, E., Hansson, A.C., Andren, O., Katterer, T., Marissink, M. and Pettersson, R. 2000. Root dynamics in a semi-natural grassland in relation to atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment, soil water and shoot biomass. Plant and Soil 223: 253-263.

Sinha, A., Cannariato, K.G., Stott, L.D., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Yadava, M.G., Ramesh, R. and Singh, I.B. 2007. A 900-year (600 to 1500 A.D.) record of the Indian summer monsoon precipitation from the core monsoon zone of India. Geophysical Research Letters 34: 10.1029/2007GL030431.

Skelly, D.K., Joseph, L.N., Possingham, H.P., Freidenburg, L.K., Farrugia, T.J., Kinnison, M.T. and Hendry, A.P. 2007. Evolutionary responses to climate change. Conservation Biology 21: 1353-1355.

Smits, A., Klein Tank, A.M.G. and Konnen, G.P. 2005. Trends in storminess over the Netherlands, 1962-2002. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1331-1344.

Song, J.-J., Wang, Y. and Wu, L. 2010. Trend discrepancies among three best track data sets of western North Pacific tropical cyclones. Journal of Geophysical Research 115: 10.1029/2009JD013058.

Sorensen, J.G., Kristensen, T.N. and Loeschcke, V. 2003. The evolutionary and ecological role of heat shock proteins. Ecology Letters 6: 1025-1037.

Sorrel, P., Tessier, B., Demory, F., Baltzer, A., Bouaouina, F., Proust, J.-N., Menier, D. and Traini, C. 2010. Sedimentary archives of the French Atlantic coast (inner Bay of Vilaine, south Brittany): Depositional history and late Holocene climatic and environmental signals. Continental Shelf Research 30: 1250-1266.

Sorrel, P., Tessier, B., Demory, F., Delsinne, N. and Mouaze, D. 2009. Evidence for millennial-scale climatic events in the sedimentary infilling of a macrotidal estuarine system, the Seine estuary (NW France). Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 499-516.

Soule, P.T. and Knapp, P.A. 2006. Radial growth rate increases in naturally occurring ponderosa pine trees: a late-20th century CO2 fertilization effect? New Phytologist 171: 379-390.

Springer, G.S., Rowe, H.D., Hardt, B., Edwards, R.L. and Cheng, H. 2008. Solar forcing of Holocene droughts in a stalagmite record from West Virginia in east-central North America. Geophysical Research Letters 35: 10.1029/2008GL034971.

Springsteen, A., Loya, W., Liebig, M. and Hendrickson, J. 2010. Soil carbon and nitrogen across a chronosequence of woody plant expansion in North Dakota. Plant and Soil 328: 369-379.

St. George, S. and Nielsen, E. 2002. Hydroclimatic change in southern Manitoba since A.D. 1409 inferred from tree rings. Quaternary Research 58: 103-111.

Stahle, D.W., Cook, E.R., Cleaveland, M.K, Therrell, M.D., Meko, D.M., Grissino-Mayer, H.D., Watson, E. and Luckman, B.H. 2000. Tree-ring data document 16th century megadrought over North America. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 81: 121, 125.

Stahle, D.W., Fye, F.K., Cook, E.R. and Griffin, R.D. 2007. Tree-ring reconstructed megadroughts over North America since A.D. 1300. Climatic Change 83: 133-149.

Stankoviansky, M. 2003. Historical evolution of permanent gullies in the Myjava Hill Land, Slovakia. Catena 51: 223-239.

Steig, E.J., Grootes, P.M. and Stuiver, M. 1994. Seasonal precipitation timing and ice core records. Science 266: 1885-1886.

Stephens, G.L., L'Ecuyer, T., Forbes, R., Gettlemen, A., Golaz, J.-C., Bodas-Salcedo, A., Suzuki, K., Gabriel, P. and Haynes, J. 2010. Dreary state of precipitation in global models. Journal of Geophysical Research 115: 10.1029/2010JD014532.

Stine, S. 1994. Extreme and persistent drought in California and Patagonia during mediaeval time. Nature 369: 546-549.

Stocklin, J., Kuss, P. and Pluess, A.R. 2009. Genetic diversity, phenotypic variation and local adaptation in the alpine landscape: case studies with alpine plant species. Botanica Helvetica 119: 125-133.

Stone, J.O., Balco, G.A., Sugden, D.E., Caffee, M.W., Sass III, L.C., Cowdery, S.G. and Siddoway, C. 2003. Holocene deglaciation of Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica. Science 299: 99-102.

Stuiver, M., Grootes, P.M. and Braziunas, T.F. 1995. The GISP2 18O climate record of the past 16,500 years and the role of the sun, ocean and volcanoes. Quaternary Research 44: 341-354.

Sumner, L. and Dixon, J.S. 1953. Birds and Mammals of the Sierra Nevada. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.

Sun, Y., Solomon, S., Dai, A. and Portmann, R.W. 2006. How often does it rain? Journal of Climate 19: 916-934.

Svenning, J.C. and Skov, F. 2007. Could the tree diversity pattern in Europe be generated by postglacial dispersal limitation? Ecology Letters 10: 453-460.

Szente, K., Nagy, Z. and Tuba, Z. 1998. Enhanced water use efficiency in dry loess grassland species grown at elevated air CO2 concentration. Photosynthetica 35: 637-640.

Tam, W.W.S., Wong, T.W., Chair, S.Y. and Wong, A.H.S. 2009. Diurnal temperature range and daily cardiovascular mortalities among the elderly in Hong Kong. Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health 64: 202-206.

Tan, K., Piao, S., Peng, C. and Fang, J. 2007. Satellite-based estimation of biomass carbon stocks for northeast China's forests between 1982 and 1999. Forest Ecology and Management 240: 114-121.

Tans, P. 2009. An accounting of the observed increase in oceanic and atmospheric CO2 and an outlook for the future. Oceanography 22: 26-35.

Tans, P. 2009. An accounting of the observed increase in oceanic and atmospheric CO2 and an outlook for the future. Oceanography 22: 26-35.

Tape, K., Sturm, M. and Racine, C.H. 2006. The evidence for shrub expansion in northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Global Change Biology 32: 686-702.

Tatem, A.J., Hay, S.I. and Rogers, D.J. 2006. Global traffic and disease vector dispersal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 6242-6247.

Taubes, G. 1997. Global warming: apocalypse not. Science 278: 1004-1006.

Therrell, M.D., Stahle, D.W., Ries, L.P. and Shugart, H.H. 2006. Tree-ring reconstructed rainfall variability in Zimbabwe. Climate Dynamics 26: 677-685.

Thomas, C.D. and Lennon, J.J. 1999. Birds extend their ranges northwards. Nature 399: 213.

Thomas, C.D., Bodsworth, E.J., Wilson, R.J., Simmons, A.D., Davies, Z.G., Musche, M. and Conradt, L. 2001. Ecological and evolutionary processes at expanding range margins. Nature 411: 577-581.

Thomas, D.W., Bourgault, P., Shipley, B., Perret, P. and Blondel, J. 2010. Context-dependent changes in the weighting of environmental cues that initiate breeding in a temperate passerine, the Corsican Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). The Auk 127: 129-139.

Thomas, R., Frederick, E., Krabill, W., Manizade, S. and Martin, C. 2006. Progressive increase in ice loss from Greenland. Geophysical Research Letters 33: 10.1029/GL026075.

Thompson, D.W.J. and Solomon, S. 2002. Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change. Science 296: 895-899.

Tian, J., Nelson, D.M. and Hu, F.S. 2006. Possible linkages of late-Holocene drought in the North American mid-continent to Pacific Decadal Oscillation and solar activity. Geophysical Research Letters 33: 10.1029/2006GL028169.

Tilman, D., Cassman, K.G., Matson, P.A., Naylor, R. and Polasky, S. 2002. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418: 671-677.

Tilman, D., Fargione, J., Wolff, B., D'Antonio, C., Dobson, A., Howarth, R., Schindler, D., Schlesinger, W.H., Simberloff, D. and Swackhamer, D. 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292: 281-284.

Tilman, R.W., Scotter, D.R., Wallis, M.G. and Clothier, B.E. 1989. Water-repellency and its measurement by using intrinsic sorptivity. Australian Journal of Soil Research 27: 637-644.

Tjoelker, M.G., Oleksyn, J. and Reich, P.B. 1998. Seedlings of five boreal tree species differ in acclimation of net photosynthesis to elevated CO2 and temperature. Tree Physiology 18: 715-726.

Tognetti, R., Johnson, J.D., Michelozzi, M. and Raschi, A. 1998. Response of foliar metabolism in mature trees of Quercus pubescens and Quercus ilex to long-term elevated CO2. Environmental and Experimental Botany 39: 233-245.

Tognetti, R., Sebastiani, L., Vitagliano, C., Raschi, A. and Minnocci, A. 2001. Responses of two olive tree (Olea europaea L.) cultivars to elevated CO2 concentration in the field. Photosynthetica 39: 403-410.

Touchan, R., Garfin, G.M., Meko, D.M., Funkhouser, G., Erkan, N., Hughes, M.K. and Wallin, B.S. 2003. Preliminary reconstructions of spring precipitation in southwestern Turkey from tree-ring width. International Journal of Climatology 23: 157-171.

Trench, R.K. 1979. The cell biology of plant-animal symbiosis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 30: 485-531.

Triggs, J.M., Kimball, B.A., Pinter Jr., P.J., Wall, G.W., Conley, M.M., Brooks, T.J., LaMorte, R.L., Adam, N.R., Ottman, M.J., Matthaias, A.D., Leavitt, S.W. and Cerveny, R.S. 2004. Free-air CO2 enrichment effects on the energy balance and evapotranspiration of sorghum. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 124: 63-79.

van de Wal, R.S.W., Boot, W., van den Broeke, M.R., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Reijmer, C.H., Donker, J.J.A. and Oerlemans, J. 2008. Large and rapid melt-induced velocity changes in the ablation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Science 321: 111-113.

van der Schrier, G. and Barkmeijer, J. 2005. Bjerknes' hypothesis on the coldness during AD 1790-1820 revisited. Climate Dynamics 24: 355-371.

Van der Schrier, G., Briffa, K.R., Osborn, T.J. and Cook, E.R. 2006. Summer moisture availability across North America. Journal of Geophysical Research 111: 10.1029/2005JD006745.

Van Oppen, M.J.H. 2007. Perspective. Journal of Experimental Botany 16: 1125-1126.

Van Oppen, M.J.H., Mahiny, A.J. and Done, T.J. 2005. Geographic distribution of zooxanthella types in three coral species on the Great Barrier Reef sampled after the 2002 bleaching event. Coral Reefs 24: 482-487.

VanDerWal, J., Shoo, L.P. and Williams, S.E. 2009. New approaches to understanding late Quaternary climate fluctuations and refugial dynamics in Australian wet tropical rain forests. Journal of Biogeography 36: 291-301.

Vecchi, G.A. and Knutson, T.R. 2008. On estimates of historical North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. Journal of Climate 21: 3580-3600.

Velicogna, I. and Wahr, J. 2006. Measurements of time-variable gravity show mass loss in Antarctica. Science 311: 1754-1756.

Verlato, G., Calabrese, R. and De Marco, R. 2002. Correlation between asthma and climate in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Archives of Environmental Health 57: 48-52.

Verschuren, D., Laird, K.R. and Cumming, B.F. 2000. Rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1,100 years. Nature 403: 410-414.

Viau, A.E., Gajewski, K., Sawada, M.C. and Fines, P. 2006. Millennial-scale temperature variations in North America during the Holocene. Journal of Geophysical Research 111: 10.1029/2005JD006031.

Villarini, G. and Smith, J.A. 2010. Flood peak distributions for the eastern United States. Water Resources Research 46: 10.1029/2009WR008395.

Vinther, B.M., Anderson, K.K., Jones, P.D., Briffa, K.R. and Cappelen, J. 2006. Extending Greenland temperature records into the late eighteenth century. Journal of Geophysical Research 111: 10.1029/2005JD006810.

Voelker, S.L., Muzika, R.-M., Guyette, R.P. and Stambaugh, M.C. 2006. Historical CO2 growth enhancement declines with age in Quercus and Pinus. Ecological Monographs 76: 549-564.

Volk, M., Niklaus, P.A. and Korner, C. 2000. Soil moisture effects determine CO2 responses of grassland species. Oecologia 125: 380-388.

von Storch, H., Zorita, E., Jones, J., Dimitriev, Y, Gonzalez-Rouco, F. and Tett, S. 2004. Reconstructing past climate from noisy data. Science 306: 679-682.

Waggoner, P.E. 1995. How much land can ten billion people spare for nature? Does technology make a difference? Technol. Soc. 17: 17-34.

Wahlen, E. 1886. Wahre Tagesmittel und Tagliche Variationen der Temperatur an 18 Stationen des Russichen Reiches. Suppl. Rep. Meterol., S. Halbleder, St. Petersburg, Russia, 345 pp.

Wake, L.M., Huybrechts, P., Box, J.E., Hanna, E., Janssens, I. and Milne, G.A. 2009. Surface mass-balance changes of the Greenland ice sheet since 1866. Annals of Glaciology 50: 176-184.

Wallace, D.J. and Anderson, J.B. 2010. Evidence of similar probability of intense hurricane strikes for the Gulf of Mexico over the late Holocene. Geology 38: 511-514.

Wallace, J.S. 2000. Increasing agricultural water use efficiency to meet future food production. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 82: 105-119.

Walther G.R., Beissner, S. and Burga, C.A. 2005. Trends in the upward shift of alpine plants. Journal of Vegetation Science 16: 541-548.

Walther, G.R. 2003. Plants in a warmer world. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6: 169-185.

Wand, S.J.E., Midgley, G.F., Jones, M.H. and Curtis, P.S. 1999. Responses of wild C4 and C3 grass (Poaceae) species to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration: a meta-analytic test of current theories and perceptions. Global Change Biology 5: 723-741.

Wang, B. and Zhou, X. 2008. Climate variation and prediction of rapid intensification in tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 99: 1-16.

Wang, B., Yang, Y., Ding, Q.-H., Murakami, H. and Huang, F. 2010. Climate control of the global tropical storm days (1965-2008). Geophysical Research Letters 37: 10.1029/2010GL042487.

Wang, C. and Lee, S.-K. 2009. Co-variability of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic and the eastern North Pacific. Geophysical Research Letters 36: 10.1029/2009GL041469.

Wang, G.G., Chhin, S. and Bauerle, W.L. 2006. Effect of natural atmospheric CO2 fertilization suggested by open-grown white spruce in a dry environment. Global Change Biology 12: 601-610.

Wang, X.L., Zwiers, F.W., Swail, V.R. and Feng, Y. 2009. Trends and variability of storminess in the Northeast Atlantic region, 1874-2007. Climate Dynamics 33: 1179-1195.

Wang, Y-m., Li, W-j., Ren, F-m. and Want, X-l. 2008. Study on climatic characteristics of China-influencing typhoons and the interrelations between them and their environmental factors. Journal of Tropical Meteorology 14: 1006-8775(2008) 01-0024-04.

Wanner, H. and Butikofer, J. 2008. Holocene Bond cycles: real or imaginary? Geografie-Sbornik CGS 113: 338-350.

Wanner, H., Beer, J., Butikofer, J., Crowley, T., Cubasch, U., Fluckiger, J., Goosse, H., Grosjean, M., Joos, F., Kaplan, J.O., Kuttel, M., Muller, S., Pentice, C., Solomina, O., Stocker, T., Tarasov, P., Wagner, M. and Widmann, M. 2008. Mid to late Holocene climate change -- an overview. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 1791-1828.

Wayne, P.M., Reekie, E.G. and Bazzaz, F.A. 1998. Elevated CO2 ameliorates birch response to high temperature and frost stress: implications for modeling climate-induced geographic range shifts. Oecologia 114: 335-342.

Weakly, H.E. 1965. Recurrence of drought in the Great Plains during the last 700 years. Agricultural Engineering 46: 85.

Webster, P.J., Holland, G.J., Curry, J.A. and Chang, H.R. 2005. Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment. Science 309: 1844-1846.

Wells, L.E. 1990. Holocene history of the El Niño phenomenon as recorded in flood sediments of northern coastal Peru. Geology 18: 1134-1137.

Westfall, J.A. and Amateis, R.L. 2003. A model to account for potential correlations between growth of loblolly pine and changing ambient carbon dioxide concentrations. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27: 279-284.

White, J.W.C., Alley,R.B., Brigham-Grette, J., Fitzpatrick, J.J., Jennings, A.E., Johnsen, S.J., Miller, G.H., Nerem, R.S. and Polyak, L. 2010. Past rates of climate change in the Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews 29: 1716-1727.

White, J.W.C., Barlow, L.K., Fisher, D., Grootes, P.M., Jouzel, J., Johnsen, S.J., Stuiver, M. and Clausen, H.B. 1997. The climate signal in the stable isotopes of snow from Summit, Greenland: Results of comparisons with modern climate observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 102: 26,425-26,439.

White, P. and Kerr, J.T. 2006. Contrasting spatial and temporal global change impacts on butterfly species richness during the 20th century. Ecography 29: 908-918.

Wilcox, E.M. and Donner, L.J. 2007. The frequency of extreme rain events in satellite rain-rate estimates and an atmospheric general circulation model. Journal of Climate 20: 53-69.

Williams, S.E. and Pearson, R.G. 1997. Historical rainforest contractions, localized extinctions and patterns of vertebrate endemism in the rainforests of Australia's wet tropics. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences 264: 709-716.

Wilson, P., Orford, J.D., Knight, J., Bradley, S.M. and Wintle, A.G. 2001. Late Holocene (post-4000 yrs BP) coastal development in Northumberland, northeast England. The Holocene 11: 215-229.

Wilson, R. J., Luckman, B. H. and Esper, J. 2005. A 500 year dendroclimatic reconstruction of spring-summer precipitation from the lower Bavarian Forest region, Germany. International Journal of Climatology 25: 611-630.

Wintle, A.G., Clarke, M.L., Musson, F.M., Orford, J.D. and Devoy, R.J.N. 1998. Luminescence dating of recent dune formation on Inch Spit, Dingle Bay, southwest Ireland. The Holocene 8: 331-339.

Wittwer, S.H. 1995. Food, Climate, and Carbon Dioxide: The Global Environment and World Food Production. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

Wolfe, B.B., Karst-Riddoch, T.L., Vardy, S.R., Falcone, M.D., Hall, R.I. and Edwards, T.W.D. 2005. Impacts of climate and river flooding on the hydro-ecology of a floodplain basin, Peace-Athabasca Delta, Canada since A.D. 1700. Quaternary Research 64: 147-162.

Wood, K.R., Overland, J.E., Jonsson, T. and Smoliak, B.V. 2010. Air temperature variations on the Atlantic-Arctic boundary since 1802. Geophysical Research Letters 37: 10.1029/2010GL044176.

Woodhouse, C.A. and Lukas, J.J. 2006. Multi-century tree-ring reconstructions of Colorado streamflow for water resource planning. Climatic Change 78: 293-315.

Woodhouse, C.A. and Overpeck, J.T. 1998. 2000 years of drought variability in the central United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79: 2693-2714.

Woodhouse, C.A. 2004. A paleo perspective on hydroclimatic variability in the western United States. Aquatic Sciences 66: 346-356.

Woodhouse, C.A., Gray, S.T. and Meko, D.M. 2006. Updated streamflow reconstructions for the Upper Colorado River Basin. Water Resources Research 42: 10.1029/2005WR004455.

Woodworth, P.L. and Blackman, D.L. 2002. Changes in extreme high waters at Liverpool since 1768. International Journal of Climatology 22: 697-714.

Worm, B., Oschlies, A., Lotze, H.K. and Myers, R.A. 2005. Global patterns of predator diversity in the open oceans. Science 309: 1365-1369.

Worster, D. 1979. Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, United Kingdom.

Wu, M.-C., Yeung, K.-H. and Chang, W.-L. 2006. Trends in western North Pacific tropical cyclone intensity. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 87: 537-538.

Wullschleger, S.D. and Norby, R.J. 2001. Sap velocity and canopy transpiration in a sweetgum stand exposed to free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE). New Phytologist 150: 489-498.

Xiao, J. and Moody, A. 2004. Photosynthetic activity of US biomes: responses to the spatial variability and seasonality of precipitation and temperature. Global Change Biology 10: 437-451.

Xiao, J. and Moody, A. 2005. Geographical distribution of global greening trends and their climatic correlates: 1982-1998. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26: 2371-2390.

Xie, B. and Zhang, Q. 2010. Observed characteristics of hail size in four regions in China during 1980-2005. Journal of Climate 23: 4973-4982.

Xie, B., Zhang, Q. and Wang, Y. 2008. Trends in hail in China during 1960-2005. Geophysical Research Letters 35: 10.1029/2008GL034067.

Yeates, D.K., Bouchard, P. and Monteith, G.B. 2002. Patterns and levels of endemism in the Australian wet tropics rainforest: evidence from flightless insects. Invertebrate Systematics 16: 605-661.

Yeung, K.H. 2006. Issues related to global warming -- Myths, realities and warnings. Paper presented at the 5th Conference on Catastrophe in Asia, Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China, 20-21 June.

Yoshimoto, M., Oue, H. and Kobayashi, K. 2005. Energy balance and water use efficiency of rice canopies under free-air CO2 enrichment. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 133: 226-246.

Young, S.S. and Harris, R. 2005. Changing patterns of global-scale vegetation photosynthesis, 1982-1999. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26: 4537-4563.

Young, T.K. and Kakinen, T.M. 2010. The health of Arctic populations: Does cold matter? American Journal of Human Biology 22: 129-133.

Yu, H., Hu, C. and Jiang, L. 2007. Comparison of three tropical cyclone intensity datasets. Acta Meteorologica Sinica 21: 121-128.

Yu, K.-F., Zhao, J.-X., Collerson, K.D., Shi, Q., Chen, T.-G., Wang, P.-X. and Liu, T.-S. 2004. Storm cycles in the last millennium recorded in Yongshu Reef, southern South China Sea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 210: 89-100.

Yu, Z. and Ito, E. 1999. Possible solar forcing of century-scale drought frequency in the northern Great Plains. Geology 27: 263-266.

Zapata, F.A. and Vargas-Angel, B. 2003. Corals and coral reefs of the Pacific coast of Columbia. In: Cortes, J. (Ed.) Latin American Coral Reefs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 419-447.

Zavaleta, E.S., Thomas, B.D., Chiariello, N.R., Asner, G.P., Shaw, M.R. and Field, C.B. 2003. Plants reverse warming effect on ecosystem water balance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 9892-9893.

Zell, R., Krumbholz, A. and Wutzler, P. 2008. Impact of global warming on viral diseases: what is the evidence? Current Opinion in Biotechnology 19: 652-660.

Zeng, H., Chambers, J.Q., Negron-Juarez, R.I., Hurtt, G.C., Baker, D.B. and Powell, M.D. 2009. Impacts of tropical cyclones on U.S. forest tree mortality and carbon flux from 1851 to 2000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106: 7888-7892.

Zhai, P.M. and Li, X.Y. 2003. On climate background of dust storms over northern China. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 58: 125-131.

Zhang, K., Douglas, B.C. and Leatherman, S.P. 2000. Twentieth-Century storm activity along the U.S. East Coast. Journal of Climate 13: 1748-1761.

Zhang, Q., Chen, J. and Becker, S. 2007. Flood/drought change of last millennium in the Yangtze Delta and its possible connections with Tibetan climatic changes. Global and Planetary Change 57: 213-221.

Zhang, Q., Wu, L. and Liu, Q. 2009. Tropical cyclone damages in China. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90: 489-495.

Zhang, X.B., Vincent, L.A., Hogg, W.D. and Niitsoo, A. 2000. Temperature and precipitation trends in Canada during the 20th century. Atmosphere-Ocean 38: 395-429.

Zhang, Z., Cazelles, B., Tian, H., Stige, L.C., Brauning, A. and Stenseth, N.C. 2009. Periodic temperature-associated drought/flood drives locust plagues in China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276: 823-831.

Zhao, C., Dabu, X. and Li, Y. 2004. Relationship between climatic factors and dust storm frequency in Inner Mongolia of China. Geophysical Research Letters 31: 10.1029/2003GL018351.

Zhou, D., Fan, G., Huang, R., Fang, Z., Liu, Y. and Li, H. 2007. Interannual variability of the normalized difference vegetation index on the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship with climate change. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 24: 474-484.

Zhou, Y.P., Tao, W.-K., Hou, A.Y., Olson, W.S., Shie, C.-L., Lau, K.-M., Chou, M.-D., Lin, X. and Grecu, M. 2007. Use of high-resolution satellite observations to evaluate cloud and precipitation statistics from cloud-resolving model simulations. Part I: South China Sea monsoon experiment. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64: 4309-4329.

Zhou, Z.-J. and Zhang, G.-C. 2003. Typical severe dust storms in northern China: 1954-2002. Chinese Science Bulletin 48: 1224-1228.

Zhu, C., Wang, B. and Qian, W. 2008. Why do dust storms decrease in northern China concurrently with the recent global warming? Geophysical Research Letters 35: 10.1029/2008GL034886.

Zhu, J., Goldstein, G. and Bartholomew, D.P. 1999. Gas exchange and carbon isotope composition of Ananas comosus in response to elevated CO2 and temperature. Plant, Cell and Environment 22: 999-1007.

Zhu, W.Q., Pan, Y.Z., Yang, X.Q. and Song, G.B. 2007. Comprehensive analysis of the impact of climatic changes on Chinese terrestrial net primary productivity. Chinese Science Bulletin 52: 3253-3260.

Zhu, X.-G., Long, S.P. and Ort, D.R. 2010. Improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater yield. Annual Review of Plant Biology 61: 235-261.

Zhuang, Q., He, J., Lu, Y., Ji, L., Xiao, J. and Luo, T. 2010. Carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau during the 20th century: an analysis with a process-based biogeochemical model. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19: 649-662.

Zwally, H.J., Giovinetto, M.B., Li, J., Cornejo, H.G., Beckley, M.A., Brenner, A.C., Saba, J.L. and Yi, D. 2005. Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992-2002. Journal of Glaciology 51: 509-527.

Back to the Table of Contents