Photosynthesis (Net CO2 Exchange Rate) References
Betula maximowicziana Regel [Monarch Birch]


Eguchi, N., Karatsu, K., Ueda, T., Funada, R., Takagi, K., Hiura, T., Sasa, K. and Koike, T. 2008. Photosynthetic responses of birch and alder saplings grown in a free air CO2 enrichment system in northern Japan. Trees 22: 437-447.

Hoshika, Y., Watanabe, M., Inada, N. and Koike, T. 2012. Growth and leaf gas exchange in three birch species exposed to elevated ozone and CO2 in summer. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 223: 5017-5025.

Lei, T.T. and Koike, T. 2005. Photosynthetic acclimation of birch, maple, and oak seedlings to elevated CO2 and the mediating effect of low growth irradiance. Phyton 45: 145-152.


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